درک تجربۀ زیستۀ انتقال به دوران بازنشستگی بازیکنان فوتبال: مطالعه‌ای پدیدارشناختی

محمد بیانی, روح اله; احسانی, محمد; نوروزی سید حسینی, رسول; کالدرون, رائول

doi:10.22059/jsm.2024.376667.3304

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

² موسسه بین‌المللی سلامت و ورزش آمریکا

https://doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2024.376667.3304

چکیده

مقدمه: گذار و تحولات ناشی از تغییرات در زندگی اجتناب‌ناپذیر و حتی پیش‌بینی‌ناپذیر است. تغییرات حرفه‌ای، جابه‌جایی، گرفتن پست، مهاجرت و ازدواج نمونه‌هایی از رویدادهای انتقالی‌اند. هر گذار با توجه ‌به ادراک فرد از موقعیت می‌تواند به بحران، آرامش یا ترکیبی از هر دو تبدیل شود.
روش پژوهش: هدف از تحقیق حاضر درک تجربۀ زیستۀ انتقال به دوران بازنشستگی بازیکنان فوتبال است که با روش کیفی و رویکرد پدیدارشناختی انجام گرفت. از طریق روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند (در دسترس) با رویکرد حداکثر تغییرات بیشینۀ مشارکت‌کنندگان در این تحقیق انتخاب شدند (11=n). ابزار اصلی جمع‌آوری داده‌ها مصاحبه بود. مصاحبه‌ها به‌منظور انعطاف‌پذیری و امکان بازتاب مداوم تکراری، به شکل نیمه‌ساختاریافته بودند.
یافته‌ها: بر این اساس نه دسته معانی فرعی شناسایی شدند که عبارت‌اند از: واکنش‌های اولیه، آونگ بین بازی کردن و بازنشستگی (بودن یا نبودن) (برزخ)، درک نهایی، نشانگان ضعف عملکرد، حذف ناگهانی و کنار گذاشته شدن ناگهانی، پاسخ‌های روانشناختی، رسیدن به نقطه‌ای از تحقق در مورد آینده، چالش مهم از دست‌ دادن اجماع لیگ برتر و چهار عامل پشتیبان.
نتیجه‌گیری: به‌صورت کلی می‌توان گفت که فرایند بازنشستگی در بازیکنان فوتبال با چالش‌های مختلفی همراه است و برای اینکه بتوان بازنشستگی مطلوبی داشت، باید برنامه‌ریزی قبلی داشت و از طرف دیگر بازیکنان باید بپذیرند که خروج از نقشی که سالیان سال با آن زندگی کرده‌اند و الآن باید از آن خارج شوند، نیازمند زمان است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

مدیریت ورزشی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Understanding the Lived Experience of the Transition to Retirement of Football Players: a Phenomenological Study

نویسندگان [English]

Ruohollah Mohammad Bayani ¹
Mohammad Ehsani ¹
Rasool Norouzi Seyed Hossini ¹
Raul Calderon ²

¹ Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Humanities, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran.

² Centro de Evaluacion y Medicion de Bienestar Aptitud Fisica y Deportiva PhD, M.S.

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Transitions and transformations caused by changes in life are inevitable and even unpredictable. Career changes, moving, getting a job, and getting married are examples of transitional events. Any transition can be a crisis, peace or a combination of both according to the person's perception of the situation.
Methods: The aim of the current research was to understand the lived experience of the transition to the retirement age of football players, which was done with a qualitative method and a phenomenological approach. The participants in this research were selected through the purposeful sampling method with the approach of maximum changes (n=11). The main tool of data collection was interview. The interviews were semi-structured in order to be flexible and allow continuous and repetitive reflection.
Results: Therefore, nine categories of sub-meanings were identified, which are: initial reactions, pendulum between playing and retirement (to be or not) (Ligium), final understanding, symptoms of performance weakness, sudden removal and sudden abandonment, psychological responses, reaching A point of realization about the future, the major challenge of losing the consensus of the Premier League and the four supporting factors.
Conclusion: In general, it can be said that the retirement process of football players is associated with various challenges, and in order to have a good retirement, you must plan in advance, and on the other hand, the players must accept that leaving the role they have lived with for years and now must It takes time to come out.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Football
Lived Experience
Professional Players
Retirement Transfers

مراجع

Alfermann, D., Stambulova, N., & Zemaityte, A. (آلفرمن). }Reactions to sport career termination: a cross-national comparison of German, Lithuanian, and Russian athletes.{ Psychology of sport and exercise, 5(1), 61-75.

Brassard, S., Dionne, P., & Bourdon, S. (2022). Elite athletes’ environment and their capability to plan and prepare a career transition out of sport. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 1-21.

Brewer, B., Van Raalte, J., & Liner, D. (1993). }Athletic identity: Hercules’ muscles or Achilles heel? {International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 127-137.

Bruner, M. W., Munroe-Chandler, K. J., & Spink, K. S. (2008).} Entry into elite sport: A preliminary investigation into the transition experiences of rookie athletes.{ Journal of applied sport psychology, 20(2), 236-252.

Coakley, S. C. (2006). }A phenomenological exploration of the sport-career transition experiences that affect subjective well-being of former National Football League players.{Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC. Retrieved from https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/umi-uncg-1099.pdf

Cosh, S., Crabb, S., & LeCouteur, A. (2013). }Elite athletes and retirement: Identity, choice, and agency{. Australian Journal of Psychology, 65, 89-97.

Crook, J. M., & Robertson, S. E. (1991). }Transitions out of elite sport.{ International Journal of Sport Psychology, 22, 115-127.

Davis Jr, D. E. (2021). }The Journey Through No-Man's Land: A Phenomenological Study of NFL Free-Agent Players' Transition Experience from Active NFL Player to Retired NFL Player{ (Doctoral dissertation, The George Washington University).

Erpič, S. C., Wylleman, P., & Zupančič, M. (2004). }The effect of athletic and non-athletic factors on the sports career termination process.{ Psychology of sport and exercise, 5(1), 45-59.

Fernandez, A., Stephan, Y., & Fouqereau, E. (2006). }Assessing reasons for sport career termination: Development of the athletes’ retirement decision inventory (ARDI).{ Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, 407-421.

Fjölnisson, E. (2024). Game over, what now?: retirement challanges of professional athletes from Iceland (Doctoral dissertation).

Fortunato, V., & Gilbert, K. (2003). }Reconstructing Lives: the problem of retirement from elite sport.{Common Ground.

Fortunato, V., & Marchant, D. (1999).} Forced retirement from elite football in Australia.{ Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss, 4, 269-280.

Gilmore, O. (2008). }Leaving competitive sport: Scottish female athletes’ experiences of sport career transitions.{ (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Stirling, Scotland.

Haslam, C., McAulay, C., Cooper, D., Mertens, N., Coffee, P., Hartley, C., ... & Fransen, K. (2024). “I’m more than my sport”: Exploring the dynamic processes of identity change in athletic retirement. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 73, 102640.

Kerr, G., & Dacyshyn, A. (2000).} The retirement experiences of elite, female gymnasts{. Journal of applied sport psychology, 12(2), 115-133.

Koonce, G. E., Jr. (2012). Role transition of National Football League retired athletes: A grounded theory approach. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI.

Lotysz, G. J., & Short, S. E. (2004). }“What ever happened to ….” The effects of career termination from the National Football League{. The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 6(3), 47-66.

Knights, S., Sherry, E., Ruddock-Hudson, M., & O’Halloran, P. (2019). }The end of a professional sport career: Ensuring a positive transition.{ Journal of Sport Management, 33(6), 518-529.

Lavallee, D., & Robinson, H. (2007).} In pursuit of an identity: A qualitative exploration of retirement from women’s artistic gymnastics.{ Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(1), 119-141.

Makdissi, M., Critchley, M. L., Cantu, R. C., Caron, J. G., Davis, G. A., Echemendia, R. J., ... & Schneider, K. J. (2023). When should an athlete retire or discontinue participating in contact or collision sports following sport-related concussion? A systematic review. British journal of sports medicine, 57(12), 822-830.

Maxwell, J. (2013). }Qualitative research design:{ An interactive approach, 3rd edn Sage. Thousand Oaks, CA.

Mohora, A. I. (2023). " I Was on Top of the World, Then... Nothing... And Today I am Many Things:" Retirement Stories of Former Elite Female Athletes.

Montero, A., Baranoff, J., Adams, R., & Drummond, M. (2024). Athletic retirement: factors contributing to sleep and mental health problems. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1350925.

Nelson, J. A. (2015). The lived experience of former National Football League players' sport career transition: A retrospective grounded theory approach. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada.

Nivalainen, S. (2022). From plans to action? Retirement thoughts, intentions and actual retirement: an eight-year follow-up in Finland. Ageing & Society, 42(1), 112-142.

Pena-Pérez, A., & Portela-Pino, I. (2023). Health and wellbeing among retired elite athletes: Empirical evidence. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 18(4), 903-914.

Park, S., Lavallee, D., & Tod, D. (2013). Athletes' career transition out of sport: A systematic review. International review of sport and exercise psychology, 6(1), 22-53

Petitpas, A. J., Tinsley, T. M., & Walker, A. S. (2012). }Transitions: Ending active involvement in sports and other competitive endeavors.{ In M. Murphy (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of sport and performance psychology (pp. 1-19). Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.

Raabe, J., Zakrajsek, A., Bass, A. D., & Readdy, T. (2018). }A revolving door: A qualitative investigation of release from professional baseball.{ International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(5), 505-519.