نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دکتری تخصصی مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکدۀ تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران
2 استادیار، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران
3 کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران
چکیده
هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر همه‌گیری کووید 19 و عدم حضور تماشاگران بر نتایج تیم‌های پرهوادار فوتبال در لیگ برتر خلیج‌فارس بود. در این پژوهش نتایج تیم‌های استقلال، پرسپولیس، سپاهان، تراکتور و فولاد خوزستان در نیم‌فصل اول لیگ نوزدهم (با حضور تماشاگران) و نیم‌فصل اول لیگ بیستم (بدون حضور تماشاگران) با استفاده از آزمون تی مقایسه شد. تحلیل یافته‌ها نشان داد که نتایج تیم‌های میزبان بدون حضور تماشاگران تفاوت معناداری با نتایج آنها با حضور تماشاگران در ورزشگاه ندارد. این عدم معناداری در تعداد بردهای خانگی تیم‌های میزبان، تعداد گل‌های زدۀ تیم‌های میزبان و تعداد کارت‌های قرمز داوران به تیم‌های میزبان مشاهده شد. این در حالی است که در تعداد کارت‌های زرد داوران به تیم‌های میزبان تفاوت معنادار بود. هرچند تماشاگران همواره نقش مؤثری در موفقیت تیم‌های میزبان داشته‌اند، اما تقویت توانایی‌های تاکتیکی و تکنیکی بازیکنان و تیم‌ها، کنترل هیجانات و استرس و فشارهای روانی بازیکنان و از همه مهم‌تر آشنایی با جو و محیط مسابقه و عادت کردن بازیکنان به حضور تماشاگران در ورزشگاه‌ها سبب شده است تا تیم‌ها و بازیکنان مهارت لازم به‌منظور کنترل فشار تماشاگران را فرا گیرند و حضور تماشاگران بر نتایج و عملکرد آنها بسیار کمرنگ شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
The effect of The Covid 19 pandemic and the absence of spectators on the results of popular football teams in the Persian Gulf Premier League
نویسندگان [English]
- Abdolreza Oboudi 1
- Mohammad hasan Abdollahi 2
- Omidreza Oboudi 3
1 Ph.D. Of sport management, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
3 M.A., Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
چکیده [English]
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the Covid 19 pandemic and the absence of spectators on the results of popular football teams in the Persian Gulf Premier League. The results of Esteghlal, Perspolis, Sepahan, Tractor, Foolad FC clubs at the first round robin stage of nineteenth season (with spectators) were compared with their results at the first round robin stage of twenty season (without spectators) using a t-test. The analysis of the findings showed that the results of the host teams without spectators were not significantly different from the match with presence of spectators at the stadiums. This lack of significance was observed in the number of home wins, the number of host teams’ goals scored, and the number of red cards shown to the host teams. However, there was a significant difference in the number of yellow card shown to the host teams. Although spectators always play an important role in the success of the host teams, strengthening the tactical and technical abilities of players and teams, managing the emotions and stress of players, and above all knowing the atmosphere and competitive environment and getting players used to spectators’ presence at the stadiums have caused the teams and players to acquire the necessary skills to control spectator pressure. Therefore, the effect of spectator presence on the results and performance of teams has been greatly diminished.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Spectators
- Football
- Covid 19
- Persian Gulf Premier League
- Home Advantage
- Konaka, E. (2021). ‘Home advantage of European major football leagues under COVID-19 pandemic’. arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.00457.
- Mohammad Kazemi, R. (2015). ‘Sports Marketing and Social Media; Book’. A Handbook for Researching Social Media Integration in Strategic Marketing, pp. 340-370; Publisher: IGI Global.
- Rohde, M.; Breuer, C. (2016).’ Europe’s Elite Football: Financial Growth, Sporting Success, Transfer Investment, and Private Majority Investors’. Int. J. Financ. Stud. 12.
- Herold, Elisa. Boronczyk, Felix. Breuer, Christoph. (2021).’Professional Clubs as Platforms in Multi-Sided Markets in Times of COVID-19: The Role of Spectators and Atmosphere in Live Football’. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2312. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su13042312.
- Reade, J. J., & Singleton, C. (2020).’ Demand for public events in the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study of European football’. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1-15.
- Marek, P., & Vávra, F. (2020). ‘Comparison of home advantage in European football leagues’. Risks, 8(3), 87.
- Estiri, M., Mohammadkazemi, R., & Jahed, M. (2010). ‘Promotion in Iran’s Football Pro-League: important but weak!’ International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences (IJASS), 22(1), 59-79.
- Dantes, F.; Borges, A.; Silva, R. (2020). ‘Impact of UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League on Financial Sustainability—Case Study of Two Small Football Portuguese Teams’. Sustainability, 12, 9213, doi: 10.3390/su12219213.
- Eshghi, K., Kazemi, R. M., Aghazadeh, H., & Hedayatnia, A. (2013). ‘Evaluating Sport Sponsorship Model among Soccer Fans in Iran’. Business and Management Research, 2(2), 37-51.
- Forrest, D.; Beaumont, J.; Goddard, J.; Simmons, R. (2005). “Home Advantage and the Debate about Competitive Balance in Professional Sports Leagues”. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(4), 439-45. https://doi. org/10.1080/02640410400021641.
- k, Carron.A. (1992). ‘the home advantage in sport competitions: A literature review’. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14:13–27.
- Richard Pollard. (2008). ‘Home advantage in football: A current review of an unsolved puzzle’. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 1:12–14.
- Ponzo, M., & Scoppa, V. (2018).’ Does the home advantage depend on crowd support? Evidence from same-stadium derbies’. Journal of Sports Economics, 19(4), 562-582.
- Boudreaux, C. J., Sanders, S. D., & Walia, B. (2017). ‘A natural experiment to determine the crowd effect upon home court advantage’. Journal of Sports Economics, 18(7), 737-749.
- Koyama, M., & Reade, J. J. (2009).’ Playing like the home team: An economic investigation into home advantage in football.’ International Journal of Sport Finance, 4(1), 16-41.
- Peeters, T., & van Ours, J. C. (2021). ‘Seasonal Home Advantage in English Professional Football; 1974–2018’. De Economist, 169(1), 107-126.
- Goller, D., & Krumer, A. (2020).’ Let's meet as usual: Do games played on non-frequent days differ? Evidence from top European soccer leagues’. European journal of operational research, 286(2), 740-754.
- Nevill, A. M., Balmer, N. J., & Williams, A. M. (2002). ‘The influence of crowd noise and experience upon refereeing decisions in football’. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3(4), 261-272.
- Boyko, R. H., Boyko, A. R., & Boyko, M. G. (2007). ‘Referee bias contributes to home advantage in English Premiership football’. Journal of sports sciences, 25(11), 1185-1194.
- MohammadKazemi, R., Taherkhani, F., Soleymani, H., & Darvishi, M. (2014). ‘Football refereeing: Identifying innovative methods’. Management Science Letters, 4(8), 1707-1714.
- Johnston, R. (2008). ‘On referee bias, crowd size, and home advantage in the English soccer Premiership’. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(6), 563-568.
- Rocha, B., Sanches, F., Souza, I., & Carlos Domingos da Silva, J. (2013). ‘Does monitoring affect corruption? Career concerns and home bias in football refereeing’. Applied Economics Letters, 20(8), 728-731.
- Scoppa, V. (2008). ‘Are subjective evaluations biased by social factors or connections? An econometric analysis of soccer referee decisions’. Empirical Economics, 35(1), 123-140.
- Dohmen, T. J. (2008). ‘Do professionals choke under pressure?’ Journal of economic behavior & organization, 65(3-4), 636-653.
- Dawson, P., Dobson, S., Goddard, J., & Wilson, J. (2007). ‘Are football referees really biased and inconsistent? Evidence on the incidence of disciplinary sanction in the English Premier League’. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 170(1), 231-250.
- Garicano, L., Palacios-Huerta, I., & Prendergast, C. (2005). ‘Favoritism under social pressure’. Review of Economics and Statistics, 87(2), 208-216.
- Sutter, M., & Kocher, M. G. (2004).’ Favoritism of agents–the case of referees' home bias’. Journal of Economic Psychology, 25(4), 461-469.
- Szymanski, S. (2020). “Covid-19 and Football Club Insolvency”. Mimeo.
- Mohammadkazemi, R., Kardar, S., & Pouriz, M. (2020). ‘The Effect of Use of Text Messaging on Soccer Fans’ Behavior (The Case of Iranian Professional League-Persian Gulf League)’. Association of Marketing, Theory & Practice Conference2020.
- Pettersson-Lidbom, P.; Priks, M. (2010). “Behavior under Social Pressure: Empty Italian Stadiums and Referee Bias”. Economics Letters, 108(2), 212-14. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.econlet.2010.04.023.
)