نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران

2 دانشیار آمار زیستی مؤسسة مطالعات و مدیریت جامع و تخصصی جمعیت کشور، تهران، ایران

3 کارشناسی‌ارشد مدیریت ورزشی دانشگاه الزهراا، تهران، ایران

چکیده

هدف از این تحقیق بازشناسی و مدلسازی حوزه‌ها و زیرساخت‌های حقوق تجارت در ورزش حرفه‌ای ایران و ارائة تصمیمات مدیریتی مبتنی بر آن بود. ابزار تحقیق پرسشنامه‌ای محقق‌ساخته با 70 گویه بود که توسط 7 تن از خبرگان، روایی محتوایی آن تأیید و ضریب پایایی آن 894/0 تعیین شد. نمونه‌های تحقیق شامل 300 نفر از اعضای هیأت علمی دانشگاه، کارشناسان ورزشی، مربیان، ورزشکاران/قهرمانان بودند. از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی و تأییدی برای اعتباریابی سازه‌ای، شناسایی عوامل و برآورد بارهای عاملی استفاده شد. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها و تعیین معادلات ساختاری در نرم‌افزارSPSS  نسخة 21 و LISREL انجام گرفت. در الگوی اکتشافی الگوی حقوق تجارت در ورزش حرفه‌ای، حوزه‌ها و زیرساخت‌های حقوق تجارت در ورزش حرفه‌ای کشور شناسایی شد که شامل یازده عامل قراردادهای حقوقی، مقررات بین‌المللی، صحه‌گذاری، بازاریابی در کمین، قانون استخدام، قانون ضد تراست، مالکیت فکری، آژانس ورزشی، رابطة واسطه‌گری، رسانة ورزشی و اقتصاد بود. سه عامل قراردادهای حقوقی، مقررات بین‌المللی، و عامل اقتصاد بر سایر عوامل تبیین‌کنندة حقوق تجارت در ورزش حرفه‌ای کشور اثرگذار بودند. چنانچه بتوان با این سه عامل به‌نحوی شایسته بر سایر عوامل این مدل اثر گذاشت، ریشة بسیاری از مسائل و مشکلات در حوزة حقوق تجارت در ورزش حرفه‌ای شناسایی خواهد شد. توجه به بارهای عاملی و روابط حاکم میان هر عامل با سایر عوامل در این مدل، راهگشای مناسبی برای مدیران در تصمیم‌سازی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Recognition and Modeling Infrastructures and Areas of Commercial Law in Iran Professional Sport

نویسندگان [English]

  • zhaleh Memari 1
  • Mahsa Saadati 2
  • Fereshteh Dehghani 3

1 Associate Professor, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor of Biostatistics, National Papulation Studies Center and Professional Comprehensive Management Institute, Tehran, Iran

3 MSc of Sport Management, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Recognition and Modeling Infrastructures and Areas of Commercial Law in Iran Professional Sport
Zhaleh Memari[1], Mahsa Saadati2, Fereshteh Dehghani3
 
1. Associate Professor, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
2.Associate Professor of Biostatistics, National Papulation Studies Center and Professional Comprehensive Management Institute, Tehran, Iran 3. MSc of Sport Management, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
 
Received: 2016/10/10
Accepted: 2018/04/08
Abstract
This study aimed at recognizing and modeling areas and infrastructures of commercial law in Iran professional sport and providing management decisions.A researcher-made questionnaire with 70 items was used in this study; the content validity of this questionnaire was confirmed by 7 experts and its reliability coefficient was determined as 0.894. The sample consisted of 300 faculty members, sport experts, coaches, athletes/champions. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used for construct validation, identification of the factors and estimation of factor loads. The analysis of the data and structural modeling were conducted using SPSS21 and LISREL. In explanatory pattern of commercial law in professional sport, areas and infrastructures of commercial law were identified which included 11 factors: legal contracts, international regulations, validation, ambush marketing, employment law, antitrust law, intellectual property, sport agency, mediation relationship, sport media and economy.Three factors (legal contracts, international regulations, and economy) influenced other factors which explained commercial law in Iran professional sport. If any of these three factors can appropriately influence other factors of this model, the root of many problems in commercial law in professional sport will be identified. Attention to the factor loads and the relationship of each factor with other factors in this model are helpful for managers in their decision making.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • commercial law
  • law
  • professional sport
1. James J.(2009). "Restraint of Trade Law in Sport". Sport Law E Journal. http://epublications.bond.edu.au/slej/10.
2. NFL Players Association (as amended through March (2007). NFLPA regulathons governing contract advisors.
3.Aghaie Nia, Hossein (2010). Sports Rights 10th Edition, Mizan Publishing [In percian].
4. Rahmati, Mohammad Mehdi (2007). "Sociological Reflection on the Commercialization of Sport". Movement Magazine, 32 (32):pp: 186-161. [In percian].
5.Delami, Ahmad. (2009). Goodwill in Civil Responsibility, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran. [In percian].
6. Spengler J. O., Paul Anderson, Dan Connaughton, and Thomas Baker. (2009), Introduction to sport law.
7.Hekmatnia, Mahmoud; Calligrapher, Amrallah (2009). "Examples of Intellectual Property Rights in the Sports Industry". Islamic Law, 23, pp. 158-127. [In percian].
8.Kafashpour, Saeed; Niakan, Seyed Reza. (2011). Understanding the influential and intra-organizational factors for creating a valuable brand name and brand. Journal of Business Management Research Quarterly, No. 5, pp. 97-97. [In percian].
9.Sadeghi, Mohseni. (2011). Comparative Study of Competent Authority Reference to Trademark Infringement in the Digital Space, Journal of Business Research, No. 73. pp:47-55. [In percian].
10. Saeedi, Sina; Haji Hosseini, Hojjatollah; Saeedi, Saba. (2013). Investigating the Factors Affecting Internet Users' Copyright Infringement, Journal of Ethics in Science and Technology, 8(2). pp: 52-62. [In percian].
11. Reinholz, F. (2005). "Marketing mit der FIFA VM2006-Werbung, Marken Tickets, public viewing, in: Wettbewerb in Rect und Praxis (WRP) ", 2005, S.1485-1492.
12. Rezai, Venus. (2012). "Identification and Identification of Barriers to the Development of Financial Support in the Professional Football League Clubs of the country". Postgraduate Diploma in Physical Education, University of Tehran. [In percian].
13.Brown Eve J. a, Paul F. Nagy That’s not fair! Clarifying copyright and trademark fair use for business managers, Business Horizons (2015) 58, 17-24.
14.Kianpour, Saeed. Investigating the International Index of Property Rights in Iran and Mina Countries, 2014, Journal of Growth and Technology, Volume 11, Issue 41. [In percian].
15. Jafari Samimi, Ahmad; Director, Abraham. 2006. "Does Insurance Development Support Economic Growth?" Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, Volume 6, Number 2. [In percian].
16. Karnema, Asadollah; Mehdi Khani, Maryam. (2011). Review of Tax System Reform to Achieve Economic Jihad, International Conference on Economic Jahad, Kerman. pp:17-18. [In percian].
17.Southall Richard M., Karcher Richard T. (2016). "Distributive Injustice: an Ethical Analysis of the NCAA's Collegiate Model of Athletics and its Jurisprudence". International Sports Law Journal, 15: 210-225.
18.Mushref Javadi, Mohammad Hussein; Abutalebi, Mohammad Mehdi. Investigation of Organizational Justice Indicators in Nahj al-Balagheh with Emphasis on Imam Ali's Command to Malik Ashtar, Journal of Islamic Management Research, 19(1),pp: 36-11. [In percian].
19. Sanei Mehdi (2017). Human Resources Management Around the World, Tadbir Monthly, 18th, No. 145. [In percian].
20.Batter,M.,Deutscher,c.,Frik,B.(2009),Salary Determination in the German,Bundesliga:A Panel Study.university of Paderborn,Department of Management.
21.Zimbalist, A (2010), Reflections on Salary shares and salary cops. Journal of sports Economic, 11(1):17-28.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
22.Kazemi, Ali. (2003). Foundations of Islamic Management and its Patterns. Tehran. Niel Publication. [In percian].
23.Askarian, Fariba; Dana Ahmad, Faraji; Goodarzi, Mahmoud; Jafari, Afshar (2004). "Investigation of Economic Status of Iranian Sports Industry in 2001-2007". Journal of Harekat, No.24, pp. 43-25. [In percian].
24.Yurlov Sergey (2015). "Rights to Participate in Sporting Competition: A Human Right or Legal Framework for Sport". International Sports Law Journal, DoI: 10.1007/s40318-015-00072-x.
25. O'Sullivan, Janet & Hilliard, Jonathan, the Law of Contract, Oxford
University Press, 2nd Edition, 2006.
26.Feinsand, M., Madden, B. (2007, Novein-ber 15). Alex works to stay a yankee.deal expected to be reached within 48 hours.Daily New (New York) .P.54.
27.Bariklo, Alireza; Khazaei, Seyed Ali. 2011. The Goodwill Principle and its Consequences in the Pre-Contractual Period: A Comparative Study in English and French Law, Jurisprudence Law, 75, no. 76, pages 53-87[In percian].
28.FIFA (2006b). Reglement Fussball weltmeisterschaft Deutschland 2006 TM,in:eur.il.Yimg.com/eur.Yimg.com/i/eu/fifa/regde.pdf.
29.Gabuli Dafshan, Mohammad Mehdi; Gabuli Dafshan, Mohammadadi. (2013). Investigation of the Necessity or Non-Necessity of the Basic Conditions of Contract Conditions on Contract Conditions, Journal of Danesh Hoghug Madani, No. 1. [In percian].
30.Mansour, Jahangir. (2011). Civil Liability Law, Tehran, Didar publication, 68th Ed. [In percian].
31.Salehi Rad, Mohammad. (2000). Goodwill in the Performance of Contracts and its Effects, Legal Journal of Justice, No. 26. [In percian].
32.Pyun, D.Y., James, J.D. (2010). Attitude toward advertising through sport: A theoretical framework, Sport Management Review, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 29 January 2010, www.sciencedirect.com.
33.Kamins M A, Gupta K. Congruence between spokesperson and producttype: A match-up hypothesis perspective.Psychology & Marketing. 1994; 11 (6), 569-586.
34.Disciplinary Regulations of the Football Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2014 [In percian].
35.Carper, D.L., Mietus, N.J., West, b.w. (2000).understanding the law (3rd Ed.).Cincinnati, OH: west.
36.Gaeini, Abbas; Rajabi Hamid (2008) - Physical Fitness, 4th Ed. - Samt Publications. [In percian].
37.Elahi, Alireza. 2008. Obstacles and Strategies for Economic Development of the Football Industry of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Doctoral Thesis, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran [In percian].
38.Boys Simon, (2015). "Legal Protection of athletes' Image Rights in The United Kingdom. International Sports Law Journal. DOI: 101007/s40318-015-0067-7.
39.Corinna Coors (2015). "Are Sports Image Rights Assets? A Legal, Economic and Tax Perspective" International Sports Law Journal, DOI: 10.1007/s40318-015-0066-8.
40.Jalali Farahani, Majid; Ali Dost Ghahfarkhi, Ibrahim. 2013. Managing Sporting Events and Camps, University of Tehran Publications, Second Edition. [In percian].
41.Khalili, Reza. 2007, Structure Design of Sports Club System, Physical Education Organization, Tehran. [In percian].
42.Frodl Cristian (2016). "Neuer, Hummels, Muller, Gotze and Co: The Legal Framework Govering Industrial Relations in German Professional Football", International Sports Law Journal, DOI: 10.1007/s40318-016-0094-z.
43.Wong Glen M. (2010). Essentials of Sports Law. PRAEGER, 4th Ed.
44.Ehsani, Muhammad. New Marketing Patterns in Sport, abstracts of the first national seminar on marketing and sport management in Shiraz [In percian].
45. Bamanzadeh, Fahimeh; Memari, Zhaleh; Rezaei Pendari, Abbas (2016) "Identification and Ranking of Factors Related to Tax Compliance of Professional Football Players and Model Presentation" MSc Thesis, Alzahra University, Tehran [In percian].
46. Rasouli, Seyed Mehdi; Saatchi, Vahid; Elahi, Alireza. (2015). Predicting Athletes' Possibility of Customer Intention to Buy, Sport Management Studies, No. 24, pp. 59-74.
47.Kathleen A.,Farrell, G.V.,Karels,K.,Montfort,W.,McClatchey,A.(2000).Celebrity performance and endorsement value:The case of Tiger Woods,Managerial Finance,26(7):1-15.
48.Dekker, P.and Halman, L. (Eds) (2003). The Values of Volunteering: Cross-cultural Perspectives, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
49. Ghafuri, Farzad. (2003). Determining the Main Factors Affecting the Attitude to Public and Championship Sports for Explaining Sport Strategies in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Doctoral dissertation, Tarbiat Modarres University. [In percian].
50.Bruhn, M. /Ahlers, G.M. (2003). "Ambush-Marketing-Angriff aus dem Hinterhalt oder intelligentes marketing?" in: jahrbuch der Absatz-und verbrauchsforschung, vol49, S: 271-294.
51.Heermann, P.W. (2006). "Ambush-Marketing anlasslich SportgroBveranstaltungen, in: Gewerblicher Rechtschutz und Urheberrecht (GRUR) ", 2006, S.359-367.
52.Karami, Abolfazl (2003). The application of psychological tests. Tehran: Ravansanji Publications. [In percian].