Sport Management Journal

Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Exclusion of Students from Sports Environments (Education Teachers Point of View in the City of Babil, Iraq)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Mohammad Rahimi 1
Mohammad Ghasemi 2
Reza Aminzadeh 3
Samer Sami Naif Al-Bukrota 4

1 Department of Sports Management, Faculty of sports management. Payam Noor university. Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Sport management, Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Imam Reza International University (AS), Mashhad, Iran

4 Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Imam Reza International University (AS), Mashhad

https://doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2024.368520.3229
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this research was to analyze the factors affecting the exclusion of students from sports environments from the point of view of education teachers in the city of Babil, Iraq.
Methods: The current research is quantitative, in terms of applied purpose and terms of type, it is part of descriptive-correlation studies based on structural equation modeling, the data collected in the field. The statistical population of the research included all the physical education teachers of Babil City in Iraq, and the sampling was done using the full number method (N=326). To collect data in this research, the standard questionnaire of exclusion from sports (Zarei et al., 2019) was used. The validity of the instrument was confirmed by 10 professors of sports management and reliability was equal to = 0.93.
Results: The results showed that the structural equation model of the factors affecting exclusion from sports environments from the point of view of the education teachers of Babil City has a significant fit and there is a significant priority between them, according to which, the most important priority is related to the component of poor communication and the components Not paying attention to team spirit, hooliganism, cultural difference, lack of support, injustice, not paying attention to competences and dependence are in the second to eighth priorities.
Conclusion: According to the results of the research, it is clear how important it is to investigate and solve the reasons for being excluded from the sports and work environment because it has a direct impact on the performance of students in physical education classes, players, athletes, employees, team or organization environment and failure to pay attention to rejection can lead to inappropriate results.

Keywords

Aggression
Ostracism
Poor Communication
Social Exclusion
Sport Environment
Subjects
Bastian, B., & Haslam, N. (2010). Excluded from humanity: The dehumanizing effects of social ostracism. Journal of experimental social psychology, 46(1), 107-113.
Baumeister, R. F., Dewall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Twenge, J. M. (2005). Social exclusion impairs self-regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 589–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.589
Bilal, A, R., Fatima, T., Imran, M, K., Iqbal, K. (2021). Is it my fault and how will I react? A phenomenology of perceived causes and consequences of workplace ostracism. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, Vol. 30, No. 1, 36-54.
Chang, K., Kuo, C. C., Quinton, S., Lee, I. L., Cheng, T. C., and Huang, S. K. (2021). Subordinates' competency: a potential trigger for workplace ostracism. International Journal of Human Resource Management.
Coalter, F. (2004). “Sport and Social Inclusion”. Paris: INSEP.
Dehghan Qahfarkhi, Amin; Rashid Lemir, Amin (2017). Social exclusion, youth delinquency and sports participation. Researches of Physiology and Management in Sports, Volume 9, Number 4, 9-16.
Dickerson, S. S. (2011). Physiological responses to experiences of social pain. In G. MacDonald & L. Jenson-Campbell (Eds.). Social pain: A neuro scientific, social, and health psychology analysis. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12351-003.
Fernandez-Gavira, J., Huete-Garcia, A., Velez-Colon, L. (2017). Vulnerable groups at risk for sport and social exclusion. Journal of Physical Education and Sport (JPES), 17(1), Art 47, 312 – 326.
Ferris DL, Brown DJ, Berry JW, Lian H. The development and validation of the Workplace Ostracism Scale. J Appl Psychol. 2008;93(6):1348- 366. [DOI:10.1037/a0012743] [PMID]
He, Z., Liu, Z., Zhao, J., Elliott, R., & Zhang, D. (2019). Improving emotion regulation of social exclusion in depression-prone individuals: a tDCS study targeting right VLPFC. Psychological Medicine, 1-12. 9.
Jakubowska, H. (2018). Sport as a means of social inclusion and exclusion introduction to the special issue of society register. Society Register, 2(1), 9–17.
Leary, M. R., & Springer, C. (2001). Hurt feelings: The neglected emotion. In R. M. Kowalski (Ed). Aversive behaviors and relational transgressions (pp. 151–175). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
Legate, N., Weinstein, N., Ryan, R. M. (2021). Ostracism in Real Life: Evidence That Ostracizing Others Has Costs, Even When It Feels Justified. Basic and Applied Social Psychology. VOL. 43, NO. 4, 226–238.
Nezlek, J. B., Wesselmann, E. D., Wheeler, L., Williams, K. D. (2012). Ostracism in Everyday Life. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, Vol. 16, No. 2, 91–104.
Nicholson, M., & Hoye, R. (2008). “Sport and social capital”. London: Elsevier Ltd
Oaten, M. R., Williams, K. D., Jones, A., & Zadro, L. (2008). The effects of ostracism on self-regulation in the socially anxious. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 471–504. doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.5.471
Peng, A. C., & Zeng, W. (2017). Workplace ostracism and deviant and helping behaviors: The moderating role of 360-degree feedback. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38, 833-855
Qanbarpour Nusrati, Amir; Bai, Nasser; Qazlesflo, Hamidreza (2021). The effect of rejection in the workplace on helping and deviant behaviors: the mediating role of organizational self-esteem. Industrial and Organizational Psychology Studies, 8(1), 171-196.
Ramsey, A, T., Jones, E, E. (2015). Minding the interpersonal gap: Mindfulness-based interventions in the prevention of ostracism. Consciousness and Cognition, 31, 24-34.  
Rastgar, Abbas Ali; Farhadinejad, Mohsen; Jabari, Iqbal (2021). Analyzing the role of rejection in the work environment on job integration: with the mediation of emotional intelligence (case study: employees of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Tehran Province). Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, 22(4), 150-159.
Rezaei, Shamsuddin; Majari, Amir Hossein (2021). The effect of rejection in the work environment on job performance with the mediating role of psychological capital in the employees of sports and youth departments in Ilam province. Sports Psychology Studies, 10(38), 133-146.
Richman, S.L. and Leary, M.R. (2009), “Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and other forms of interpersonal rejection: a multimotive model”, Psychological Review, Vol. 116, No. 2, pp. 365-383.
Robinson, S. L., O'Reilly, J., & Wang, W. (2013). Invisible at work: An integrated model of workplace ostracism. Journal Management, 39(1), 203-231.
Sharahpour, Mahmoud; Hosseini Rad, Ali (2008). "Investigation of the relationship between social capital and sports participation", Haret magazine, Vol. 37, pp. 131-154
Sepahvand, Reza; Momeni Fard, Masoumeh (2020). Exclusion in the work environment and concealment of knowledge with the mediating role of job stress (case study of public hospital employees in Lorestan province). Journal of Ergonomics, Year 8, Number 4, 115-128.
Shakki, F., Esfahani Nia, A., Bai, N. (2019). Negative Consequences of Using Social Networks at the Workplace from the Point of View of the Sports and Youth Departments Staff. Ann Appl Sport Sci 7(3), 1-10.
Siddiq Sarostani, Rahmatullah (2004). "Culture and Inequality of Sports Behavior", Olympic Magazine, Vol. 25, pp. 89-106
Sommer, K. L., & Rubin, Y. S. (2005). Role of social expectancies in cognitive and behavioral responses to social rejection. The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying, 171, 172.
Tao, L., Zhifang, W., Haigang, W., & Songtao, T. (2010). A Study on Chinese Urban Residents' Financial Exclusion: Empirical Evidence Based on Micro-Survey Data [J]. Economic Research Journal, 7, 15-30.
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Bartels, J. M. (2007). Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 56–66. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.56
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can’t join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1058-1069.
Williams, K. (2006). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in a worksite wellness program. In R. A. Baer (Ed.), Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician’s guide to evidence base and applications (pp. 361–375). San Diego: Academic Press.
Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425–452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641.
Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000). CyberOstracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 748–762.
Zadro, L., Boland, C., & Richardson, R. (2006). How long does it last? The persistence of the effects of ostracism in the socially anxious. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 692–697.
Zaree, Behieh; Yektayar, Muzafar; Vesey, Koresh; Khodamuradpour, Mozhgan (2020). Analysis of the psychological factors of the phenomenon of exclusion from sports. Sports Psychology Studies, Volume 9, Number 33, 253-272.
Zaree, Behieh; Yektayar, Muzafar; Vesey, Cyrus; Khodamuradpur, Mozhgan (2022). Identifying factors affecting exclusion from sports environments from the perspective of employees of the Department of Sports and Youth in Western Iran. Sports Psychology Studies, 11(39), 113-134.
Zhang, R., Kang, H., Jiang, Z., Niu, X. (2022). How does workplace ostracism hurt employee creativity? Thriving at work as a mediator and organization-based self-esteem as a moderator. Applied Psychology, 72, 211-230.
 
Sport Management Journal
Volume 17, Issue 1
Spring 2025
Pages 193-176

  • Receive Date 30 November 2023
  • Revise Date 16 December 2023
  • Accept Date 02 January 2024

Home

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Reviewers

Contact Us