https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/ Sport Management Journal en daily 1 Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_90951.html Introduction: This study aimed to identify the obstacles of women cycling from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence and experts in the field of sport. Methods: This qualitative research was done with the exploratory-grounding strategy. For this purpose, theoretical saturation was achieved with 24 experts in a targeted manner using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The data was collected using an exploratory approach through the identification process and its analysis using the qualitative software MAXQDA. Results: The results of the research in the section on obstacles to cycling from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence include two categories: 1) Secondary rulings, which include two sub-categories (customary conditions of society and culture of society), and 2) Jurisprudence, which includes a sub-category (individual benefits). According to sports science experts, the results of the research were six concepts, which included (physical factors, security, organizational, software factors, rules and regulations, cultural-social). Conclusion: The results indicate that women's cycling is not a problem per se from the point of view of Islam and jurisprudence, and according to the works it follows, scholars have raised these questions for women cycling with secondary titles. Therefore, it is suggested to design special parks for women's cycling or covered bicycles to cover women's body size. In addition, relevant organizations, including the Islamic Council, the municipality, and the Ministry of Sports and Youth, should consider the necessary budgeting for the construction of parks and spaces for women. Also, by forming a team of engineers and jurisprudence experts, design and produce bicycles with covers. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_97880.html Introduction: The main goal of this research was investigating the role of self-efficacy and entrepreneurial success on value creation in sports businesses. Methods: In terms of purpose, it is an applied research, and in terms of method, it is a descriptive-survey, which was carried out by the method of structural equations. The statistical population included all the people who consumed Tehran sports pools for swimming, and 400 people were selected as the sample size based on Morgan's table. Data collection tools based on standard value creation questionnaires (Larson et al. 2018); Entrepreneurial success (Fisher et al. 2014) and self-efficacy (Sun et al. 2021). Results: The results of this research show that self-efficacy has a positive effect on value creation, and self-efficacy has a positive effect on entrepreneurial success. Also, in this research, the results show that entrepreneurial success has a positive effect on value creation in sports businesses. Also, the results of this research indicate that self-efficacy through entrepreneurial success has a more positive effect on value creation in sports businesses. Conclusion: Therefore, paying attention to the positive variables of self-efficacy and entrepreneurial success in sports businesses can cause positive behavioral responses and reduce psychological pressure in them and thus improve their value creation and innovation. Because these factors increase the feeling of usefulness and value in them, and in this way they do the current work better and the creation of value in sports businesses increases. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_97923.html Introduction: The aim of the research was to model the socialization of Iraqi citizens through public sports. Methods: The research was applied and mixed in terms of purpose and method. Socio-statistics in the qualitative section included professors of sports management and sociology, managers and deputy directors of the ministry and departments of youth and sports, and knowledgeable experts in the field of research in Iraq, who were selected by theoretical sampling (23 people); In the quantitative part, participants in the general sports programs were included, according to the table of Krejcie and Morgan, 384 people were selected through stratified random sampling. The research tools were semi-structured in-depth interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis was done using grounded theory methods (Glaser Grounded theory) and structural equation modeling. Validity and reliability were confirmed through reliability method (qualitative part) and experts' approval and Cronbach's alpha (0.89) (quantitative part). Results: Based on the findings of the qualitative part of the 362 primary codes, 49 more abstract concepts and 8 main categories were identified, which were divided into 2 general categories "influencing factors" and "results from" the socialization of Iraqi citizens through public sports, and the final research model was drawn. In the quantitative part, all significant numbers were greater than 1.96 and their standard coefficients were greater than 0.4, which indicated the good fit of the model. Conclusion: Managers and officials of the country of Iraq should plan and take appropriate measures regarding the socialization of citizens through public sports, so that they can enjoy their many consequences in different parts of the society. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_99156.html Introduction: The purpose of this research was to model the development of organizational capacity in sports organizations. Methods: The current research method is based on a qualitative approach to the foundational data method (Strauss and Corbin's systematic model), which was conducted in the field in terms of the fundamental purpose and in terms of data collection. The statistical population of this research includes sports management experts (professors and researchers in the field of sports management) who were selected by purposeful sampling (20 people). The qualitative approach of grounded theory was used for data analysis for open, central and selective coding, and open coding was done by analyzing the interviews. The validity and reliability of the research tool was also confirmed. Results: The results showed that in order to develop the organizational capacity in sports organizations, it is necessary to take into account the causal conditions (communication, human resources and management) and apply the identified strategies (planning, training, evaluation and motivation), according to Background conditions (organizational structure, laws and regulations, infrastructure and organizational culture) as well as intervening conditions (financial and political) tried to achieve positive development consequences (financial consequences, human consequences and structural consequences). Conclusion: Therefore, it is suggested to provide employees with tools for evaluation, planning, increasing employee participation, training them and making gradual changes. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_97981.html Introduction: The purpose of this study was the factors affecting the delight of women's sports club customers. Customer delight can only be achieved by exceeding normal expectations in the performance of a product or in the delivery of services, in other words, having normal performance cannot cause customer delight, and when these expectations are met at higher levels than the individual's desire, it causes The customers will be happy and the emotional bond with them will be longer. Methods: The current research method was qualitative and the research approach was done inductively and with the systematic view of Strauss and Corbin. The research participants include coaches and professional athletes who regularly use women's sports clubs for at least 5 years and have enough experience in this field. The criterion for determining the number of samples was the theoretical saturation of the findings. The sampling method was purposeful and finally, 19 people were interviewed. In total, 73 open codes, 17 central codes, and 7 selective codes were identified, and the total number of frequencies for all classes was 88. To analyze the data, the coding method was used in three stages of open, central and selective coding of Nizamand Strauss and Corbin's perspective, which has an inductive approach and an interpretive paradigm. In order to categorize the research data, Nvivo version 10 software was used.Results: The findings of the research showed that according to the coding steps, causal conditions (facilities and equipment), background conditions (image of the club), intervening conditions (gender discrimination), strategies (optimal budget) and consequences. (community health), were selected as the main factors according to references and sources.Conclusion: Today's consumers do not judge only based on the quality of the product's performance and benefits Rational criteria include emotional and emotional criteria Go back and by providing a pleasant experience before and after the purchase and by satisfying the wishes and expectations of the customer, you can guarantee your success.  https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_98024.html Introduction: Transitions and transformations caused by changes in life are inevitable and even unpredictable. Career changes, moving, getting a job, and getting married are examples of transitional events. Any transition can be a crisis, peace or a combination of both according to the person's perception of the situation. Methods: The aim of the current research was to understand the lived experience of the transition to the retirement age of football players, which was done with a qualitative method and a phenomenological approach. The participants in this research were selected through the purposeful sampling method with the approach of maximum changes (n=11). The main tool of data collection was interview. The interviews were semi-structured in order to be flexible and allow continuous and repetitive reflection. Results: Therefore, nine categories of sub-meanings were identified, which are: initial reactions, pendulum between playing and retirement (to be or not) (Ligium), final understanding, symptoms of performance weakness, sudden removal and sudden abandonment, psychological responses, reaching A point of realization about the future, the major challenge of losing the consensus of the Premier League and the four supporting factors. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that the retirement process of football players is associated with various challenges, and in order to have a good retirement, you must plan in advance, and on the other hand, the players must accept that leaving the role they have lived with for years and now must It takes time to come out. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_98363.html Introduction: This research has been conducted with the aim of qualitative and quantitative analysis of the influencing factors on development of disabled sports in championship field in Iraq. Methods: This research is a mixed-methods, exploratory study in which the factors affecting on development of disabled sports in championship field in Iraq were discovered through semi-structured interviews and then, presented in a conceptual model. Additionally, the impact of each of the discovered factors was determined with employing the structural equation modeling. Results: Based on the results, efforts towards changing the societal attitudes towards sports in Iraq, as well as fostering a culture of acceptance and belief in the abilities of disabled in this country, and overcoming gender discrimination and inequalities in this field, adhering to principles of fairness in sports appointments, rebuilding and developing infrastructure for disabled sports, amending relevant laws, along with political and religious supports, and on the other hand, the involvement of various media in that country can help in the development of championship disabled sports at both national and international levels, despite the further destruction of sports infrastructure in this country during multiple wars. Conclusion: Based on the results, it is recommended to senior officials in disabled sports in Iraq to strive towards the development of championship disabled sports in that country based on the concepts and factors discovered in this research. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_98451.html Introduction: problems and challenges related to racial and social discrimination in the sports industry may be known as an example of "apartheid management style" in professional sports in Iran. Management approaches that can enhance discrimination and increase diversity. Therefore, the current research, with the aim of good governance in professional sports, tried to provide a model to deal with the apartheid management style in professional sports clubs of Iran.Methods: This research was conducted based on qualitative research approach. To conduct this qualitative study, the foundation data theory strategy and Charms constructivist approach were used. Data were collected using semi-standard or semi-structured in-depth interviews. The participants in this research were 21 CEOs of professional clubs (current and former) and experts and key people in the three fields of sociology, political science, and sports management experts.Results: After about 370 sentences implemented from the interviews, after removing duplicate and unrelated items, 247 primary concepts and categories were identified and marked by the researchers in the primary coding; Then, in focused coding, 58 codes were obtained and finally presented in 13 central codes.Conclusion: The current model is based on the perspectives of good governance obtained and the three axes of equality discourse, human rights-based approach and the elimination of discrimination, and designs a comprehensive management style to deal with apartheid in professional sports in Iran. This comprehensive management style will lead to the formation of independent and new committees. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_98833.html Introduction: Winning a medal is certainly one of the main achievements of an athlete's career, it happens to the country the athlete belongs to because of exposure to the world through the media, also, medals create national pride and create an atmosphere of success, the aim of this research was to design a paradigm model of medal winning athletes. Methods: The current research is an exploratory research in terms of its purpose and a fundamental research in terms of direction; To build the conceptual model of the research, the foundation data theory method (grand theory) was used by Strauss and Corbin method. Judgmental and Snowball sampling method with a sample size of 13 people including; The professors of sports management, members of the board of directors of sports boards, athletes and staff of sports teams reached theoretical saturation. Results: The findings showed that based on the results of qualitative data analysis from the interview in the form of 5 dimensions including; Causal factors (7 categories), contextual factors (6 categories), intervening factors (7 categories), strategies (6 categories) and consequences (7 categories) were identified by including 208 open codes in the matter of athletes' medal winning continuity. Conclusion: Therefore, it is suggested that the sports officials help by providing youth development centers and training camps to facilitate the path of finding talent and create a safe path to develop talented athletes and increase the continuity of medal winning among athletes. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_98933.html Introduction: This study employed a research synthesis method to systematically identify the factors influencing the presence of donors in the sports sector.Methods: Following Roberts' six-step model, a systematic search of literature published between 1390-1402 (Hijri) and 2010-2023 (AD) was conducted. Utilizing both national (e.g., SID, Magiran) and international (e.g., Scopus, Google Scholar) databases and applying predefined inclusion criteria, 20 studies were selected for final analysis from an initial pool of 768 identified records.Results: The factors affecting donor presence were classified into four main categories: 1) personal beliefs of donors, 2) donor outreach and communication, 3) internal organizational factors, and 4) external organizational factors. The analysis indicated that "raising donors' awareness of the impact of sports initiatives" was the most frequent and prominent factor. Subsequent prevalent factors included "government support for donors," "strategic use of media and advertising," and "public recognition and appreciation of donors."Conclusion: The findings suggest that sports organizations should leverage media and advertising to effectively communicate their needs and demonstrate the impact of sports programs to potential donors. Concurrently, governmental support through incentives and streamlined regulatory processes is crucial to facilitate donor engagement. Given the resource constraints faced by sports entities, it is recommended that officials prioritize evidence-based strategies, focusing foremost on raising awareness and demonstrating impact, to systematically attract and develop philanthropic contributions in sports.    https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_99066.html Introduction: Proper planning of spending leisure time with the family, which is designed based on sports activities, can solve many leisure and sports problems of the society. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of developing a leisure time model based on sports activities in Iranian families. Methods: This applied and qualitative research was based on thematic analysis method, which was conducted based on the opinion of experts. The statistical population of the research were specialists and leisure experts as well as sports management specialists, 18 of whom were selected by the snowball method and participated in the interview until theoretical saturation was reached. The measurement tool of the research included a semi-structured interview and the data were analyzed according to the stages of thematic analysis. Results: Factors affecting leisure time based on sports activities in iranian families include cognitive factors, belief-cultural factors, economic factors, managerial factors, driving factors, inhibiting factors and social factors; Its strategies included economic strategies, management strategies, policy-making strategies, educational strategies and cultural strategies, and the consequences of using the leisure time model based on sports activities in iranian families included social development, economic development, sports development, improving the quality of life and health development. Conclusion: By addressing the influential factors and applying the strategies presented in this research in the field of leisure time based on sports activities in iranian families, sustainable development can be achieved in various dimensions of social, economic, sports, quality of life and health.   https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_82618.html Nowadays, urban branding is increasing the attractiveness of the city, as investors decide to invest more in the city, and this important cause the sustainable economic development for the city. The study purpose was identify effective factors on sports branding in Mashhad City through content analysis strategy. The purpose of the present study was applied and in terms of method is qualitative that is the content analysis strategy used. statistical population of the study consisted of academic professors in sport management and management at universities in the country (expert in the field of brand and urban brand), urban managers, researchers with doctoral degrees in urban brand and mashhad tourists who had doctoral degrees and sampling method in this purposeful research and given the data saturation with 22 statistical population interviews were conducted. The results of qualitative section showed that Mashhad's branding included 5 main components of brand identity, brand personality, brand image, brand equity and stakeholder commitment, and 17 sub-components and many sub-components. According to the results obtained the economic cultural, infrastructure transportation, image& personality of the city and the historical part of the city have improved; Increasing the awareness, loyalty, association and perceived value of tourists and the commitment of residents and tourists and increasing investors in the sports sector have an important role in sports branding in Mashhad. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_82903.html The present study was designed and conducted with the aim of studying and analyzing the factors affecting the export of Iranian sport commodities. The method of the present study was mixed (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population of the study included the elites in the field of research. For this purpose, 13 people were identified as the research sample according to the purposeful sampling method. Research collection tools included a researcher-made questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. The validity of the questionnaire was examined according to the experts. Also, the reliability of this questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha calculation method (α = 0.81). In the quantitative analysis of the research, Demetel method was used. All research data analysis process was performed in EXCEL software. The results showed that 6 general factors including human, legal, economic, commercial, technical and financial factors were identified as effective factors on the development of exports of Iranian sports goods. According to the results, it was determined that human, legal and technical factors were identified as causal factors and economic, commercial and financial factors as disabled factors. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_83136.html Purpose : The purpose of this research is to present a model of modern Iranian Islamic civilization related to sport and physical education . Approach : The approach of the present study is qualitative . Method : The method of data collection is the study of theoretical basics and in-depth interviews (18 interviews with 17 persons ) with leading sports management professors specialized in sport and Islam as well as professors specialized in Islamic civilization . Sampling method : The sampling method was snowball and continued to theoretical saturation . Validity : The validity of this study was verified by the interviewers and then by the professors . Reliability : Reliability was obtained by using audit study process and results was 76.6% .Data analysis : Continuous comparison method during two steps of open and axial coding was used for data analysis . Finally , 37 conceptual codes , 10 main categories and 8 axial codes were extracted . Core codes include media , justice , science , faith , ethics , work and effort , economics and communication . Therefore , it is recommended to try to promote the sport by implementing any of the indicators of modern Iranian Islamic civilization identified in this study to improve physical education and sports level of Iran as a modern islamic civilization . https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_83135.html The purpose of this study was to determine the Providing a Communication Model between Talent Management and Social Capital in the Staff of the Department of Physical Education and Health of the Ministry of Education of Iran. The research method is descriptive and survey type. The statistical population of this study consisted of all staff members of Iran Ministry of Education. 71 employees of the Ministry of Education and Health of Tehran were selected as the sample size of the study by census sampling method. Philips & Roper's (2009) talent management questionnaire with reliability of 0.93 and Nahapiet & Ghoshal social capital (1998) with reliability of 0.94 were used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data and inferential statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and modeling and structural equations were used to investigate the effect of observed variables on the variables. According to the results, there was a significant correlation between talent management and social capital (r = 0.472, P = 0.001). According to the results of structural equations, talent management has an effect of 0.51 on the social capital of the staff of the Ministry of Education and Health. There is a significant relationship between the subscales of social capital and talent management. Successful organizations need progressive HR systems that can add to the overall productivity of the system and help the organization achieve its goals by providing appropriate solutions and coordinating the goals of the organization with the goals of the employees. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_83438.html The aim of this study was to present a model for the development of data-driven governance in Iranian sports, which was conducted in a mixed manner. The statistical sample of the qualitative section included subject-aware experts who used purposive sampling method to identify these samples. This sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was reached and finally 12 people were identified as samples in the qualitative section. Also, the statistical population in the quantitative section included all people aware of the field of research present. Finally, after conducting surveys, an approximate number of 89 people was identified. Data collection tools include a semi-structured questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data of the present study, coding and structural equation testing were used. The whole process of data analysis was performed in SPSS, PLS and Maxqda software. The present study identified that supportive aspects, individual issues, legal aspects, technical infrastructure and security issues as the underlying conditions play an important and key role in improving data-driven governance. The results also showed that the development of data-driven governance in sport has managerial, sporting and informational implications. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_83596.html AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of destination branding on the development of sports tourism with the mediating role of economic contexts in the southern provinces of Iran. This research was applied research based on purpose and correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population included professors of physical education and tourism in universities, experts and physical education officials of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth, Tourism and Natural Resources Organization of the southern provinces of the country, the exact number of whom was not available. According to the Cochran sample size table in uncertain conditions, a statistical sample of 384 people was considered. In this study, the economic context questionnaire (18 questions), the researcher-made questionnaire of destination branding (10 questions) and the researcher-made questionnaire of tourism development (12 questions) were used. The questionnaire was based on the 5 Likert scale. The results showed that there is a significant relationship in the correlation matrix between the research variables. Destination branding also has a direct impact on the development of sports tourism and economic contexts. Attention to destination branding can play an important role in improving and expanding the economic aspects as well as the development of sports tourism.Keywords:Economy, destination branding, sports tourism, sport https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_83824.html The present study was conducted with the aim of meta-analysis of four decades of research on barriers and challenges for the promotion of women in the positions of sports management in the country. The research method was a combination of pluralism in the data. The statistical population includes all studies conducted on the challenges of women's management in the four decades after the Islamic Revolution of 1978 in the field of sports. Theme analysis method was used to extract the elements and group them. The results showed that women have a long way to go to achieve the desired share and for 4 decades the gender perspective has always been a barrier to women's management, but the challenge that has become very prominent in recent decades regarding women's management is the lack of culture. Instrumentation as well as a gender perspective in this regard.heme analysis method was used to extract the elements and group them. The results showed that women have a long way to go to achieve the desired share and for 4 decades the gender perspective has always been a barrier to women's management, but the challenge that has become very prominent in recent decades regarding women's management is the lack of culture. Instrumentation as well as a gender perspective in this regard. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_84132.html The purpose of the present study is to design and develop a model of strategic agility in small and medium-sized sports businesses (pre-future and Then future). The present study in terms of purpose is applied and in terms of data collection was descriptive-survey. In the first (qualitative) part of the field interview, the statistical population of the study were prominent sports management professors specializing in sports businesses and prominent owners of sports businesses. The target and snowball subjects were selected for qualitative interviews in the first and second phases, respectively. (15 interviews with 14 individuals continued to theoretical saturation). And in the second (quantitative) part after collecting data from qualitative research, he made a questionnaire and this questionnaire (51 items in terms of three general components of strategic agility, strategic agility and strategic agility consequences) in Distributed among the owners of small and medium-sized sports businesses in Tehran (269 people). Use elasticity and skewness indices to evaluate the distribution of data (natural or abnormal) and to answer and answer research questions and to draw up a measurement model and structural model using SPSS version 24, Smart PLS version 2.0 and Max QDA Pro version software were used. The results showed that organizational culture, organizational structure and organizational agility are the main categories of strategic agility precursors; vision clarity, core capabilities, selected strategic goals, shared responsibility and action, the key categories of strategic agility and ultimately financial performance, Nonfinancial performance and competitive advantage are the main categories of strategic agility outcomes. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_84134.html The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nationalism, ethnocentrism and consumer urbanism on the preference of domestic and foreign sports brands among students with respect to the mediating role of product quality.The statistical population of this study included all students of Islamic Azad universities of physical education in the centers of the western provinces of the country.The tools of the present study included standard questionnaires on research variables.The research design was done using structural equation modeling. The results of fit indices in the section of structural equations indicated a good fit that the results of path analysis showed that the variables of consumer ethnocentrism and consumer nationalism directly and also through performance quality mediation could have a significant effect on the preference of domestic to foreign brands among students.The data reported that the world of consumer urbanism has not been able to affect the variable of preference of domestic brand over foreign brand, but this variable can affect the preference of purchase due to the quality of performance. Sports marketing managers as well as sports psychologists should consider this in order to examine sports consumer behavior and increase sales in order to support domestic production and strengthen the domestic economy. Sports marketers in particular can use these factors to improve and make marketing strategies more effective. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_84724.html This study aimed to pathologies the sports equipment purchase process in schools and model presentation. The present research was applied in term of purpose and descriptive-survey nature. The statistical population of this research was all physical education teachers of Tehran city. The sample was selected by Cochran formula and the number of samples was 280. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The formal validity of the researcher-made questionnaire was confirmed by 12 experts. The reliability was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha. After analysing data, a model is presented. Results show that in each step of purchase process of Tehran schools, there are obstacles that hinder the physical education class. Periodical specification, lack of governmental supervision, not comparing suppliers, giving more attention to usable equipment, lack of governmental budget and evaluation errors were the most important obstacles in each step. By ranking the obstacles of purchase process steps; Specification was the most important one and this step needs paying more attention in purchase process of schools. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_84739.html T Student sports events are very important as one of the main pillars of educational sports, Therefore the present study was conducted with the aim of sustainable strategies for student sports events based on scenario planning. This research is an applied research in terms of purpose and survey in terms of implementation method. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative section includes the directors of student sports of the Ministry of Education, the directors of the Student Sports Federation, professors of sports management with research experience in student sports and the officials of physical education of the Ministry of Education(15 people). Checked out. The basis of this research is based on Schwartz (2006) screenwriting and has steps to identify the main issue and decision, list of key factors, identify driving forces, classify based on importance and uncertainty, select the logic of scenarios, enrich scenarios and themes and effects. Scenarios. The findings showed that there are four scenarios based on the support of sponsors against lack of support and equipment and lack of equipment. Based on this, it can be concluded that the development of laws to protect sponsors and attract sponsors with the help of relevant organizations and parents, as well as improving the structure of student sports in the field of organization and equipment can provide a https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_85345.html TThe present study is a practical research in terms of purpose and quantitative in terms of strategy and in terms of the implementation path of correlation, in terms of field data collection. In the present study, Persepolis Club was selected as the study club and the statistical population of the present study consisted of all the fans of Persepolis Club. 360 people were selected as the research sample and were selected by the sampling method available and voluntarily. According to the objectives of the study, the appropriate tools for this study were questionnaire; for this purpose, in order to assess social responsibility from Galbraith questionnaire (2010), brand support behaviors from Zhi et al.'s questionnaire (2019) The Joyce et al. (2019) and the measurement of the social justice adjustment variable were used in the Davis and Othsuth (1987) questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis and study of the effects and mediating role of research at 5% error level were analyzed using 25 SPSS and Smart PLS 3.2.9 software. The results showed that social responsibility had an effect on brand support behaviors and supportive attitudes, and fans 'attitudes influenced brand support behaviors, and the mediating role of fans' attitudes toward the impact of social responsibility on supportive behaviors was confirmed. Ultimately, social justice plays a moderating role in the impact of club social responsibility on supportive brand behaviors. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_85889.html The purpose of this study was to present a model of improving jihadi management in Iranian sport with a mixed designs approach. The research method was a two-stage instrumental exploratory combination. In the qualitative section, 16 experts from the field of sport management (selected for identifying the model of jihadi management improvement in Iranian sport) were interviewed and interviewed. Qualitative results showed that causal conditions, factors or incentives, and the process of improving jihadist management in Iranian sport are shown. In the quantitative part, the research method was descriptive-survey. The statistical population consisted of all senior managers of the country (n = 900) who were selected using simple random sampling based on Cochrane table (n = 300). The instrument used in the quantitative section was a researcher-made scale based on the qualitative section based on data base network theory. Formal validity and Cronbach's alpha were confirmed. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. The results of Mackey's section showed that the respective t-values of each factor had a significant effect and the whole framework of Jihad management improvement model in Iranian sport was approved. The results also showed that the research model has a good fit. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_86494.html The main purpose of this study was to identify effective indicators and components of mass population management in Iran’s staduioms. This research is a qualitative exploratory one. In terms of results, it can be considered as a basic and applied research and based on paradigm it is pragmatism. Statistical population of this study includes: experts and proffesors of sport management, managers of high capacity staduioms, executive managers related to staduiom’s professional clubbing and senior managers of footbal federation. A sample of 12 people were choosen by snowball sampling. In order to data collecting, semistructered interviews with experts was used. Reliability of research was confiremed by test-retest method. Coding and data analyzing was done by maxqda version 2021. Results of data analaysis showed that: “ mass population management” as main phenomena includes 6 main categories which named as: event management, mass population managmen, desition-making, effective management, efficient management and human resourse mangement. Nature of sport events,The atmospher of staduiom. Security, Nature of crisis, Technical factors, Enviromental hazards and Threats asssumes as casual conditions. Information and communication technology, Staff training, Equipments and infrastructures, Human resourse, Wellfare facilities and Codition of social and political crisis are called context conditions which are effective on mass population mangement in Iran’s staduioms. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_86869.html The purpose of this study was analyzing the fields of business creation and development in the sports industry and explaining the facilitator factors. The methodology of the present study was qualitative. Qualitative data in this study were collected using in-depth interview technique. The underlying theory strategy has been used to analyze the information and present the final theory. Based on purposive sampling method and theoretical saturation criterion, 25 experts and entrepreneurs in the field of sports businesses participated in this study, whose understanding of the appropriate model for sports businesses was examined and analyzed. Findings obtained using the "contextual theory" method show that sports businesses in four types of education, tourism, marketing and sports services. On the other hand, experts consider the influential factors in four dimensions: management, financial and legal, cultural and social factors and value propositions. The main categories are: Sponsors, Legislation, Risk Value Offer, Customer Taste, Networking, Advertising, Social Media, Focusing, and Business Culture. The "core" category of this study is the "multiple and integrated business model", which includes other major categories, and business models should be changed according to the tastes of consumers. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_91097.html Introduction: The purpose of this research is to design an improvisation model with a systematic approach in sports federations. Research method: In this direction, with a mixed exploratory approach, in order to design the model, the meta- synthesis method was used, and for the test in sports federations, the expert survey method was used. In the first step, in order to identify the components of the pattern, various keywords were searched in the most important domestic and foreign scientific information banks and 138 related research works were identified in this field. In the next step and based on certain indicators, the number of 58 scientific works that have studied the components of improvisation of decisions were selected and their key findings were analyzed by coding and qualitative analysis. Findings: The achievements were categorized in the form of 3 components and 9 sub-components, which are: (1) prosperity management including: flexible decision making, decision optimization and reliability, (2) improvisation including: intelligence, creativity and innovation and discovery and recombination of processes and structures and (3) emergency management including: emergency response, risk management and crisis management. Then, after experts' approval, the proposed model was presented in an integrated framework that includes 3 components and their sub-components. Conclusion: According to the findings of the research, it is suggested that sports federations pay attention to all aspects involved in decision-making and consider different solutions in the field of problems and issues so that they can make the right and effective decision at the moment. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_91735.html Introduction: The present study was conducted in order to examining the obstacles to the professionalization of sports federations in Iran.Methods: In terms of the method of implementation, this research is one of the mixed researches. which in addition to the qualitative study using semi-structured interviews based on the theme analysis method, in the quantitative part, the model test taken from the qualitative part with the method Confirmatory factor analysis has been done. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part was made up of managers and officials of the National Olympic Committee and sports federations, university professors, as well as specialists of organizations and organizational strategy (12 people). The interviewees were selected by purposeful sampling. In the quantitative section, managers, experts and presidents of selected sports federations, the National Olympic Committee and the Ministry of Sports and Youth were selected (210 complete questionnaires). Confirmatory factor analysis data also showed a good and sufficient fit of the identified factors.Results: The results identified two dimensions of obstacles and challenges (internal and external). Internal dimension includes: management and leadership, organizational culture and structure, economic-financial, special obstacles and hardware facilities. In the external dimension, the barriers include: macroeconomic barriers, legal, political and socio-cultural barriers. Confirmatory factor analysis also showed a good and sufficient fit of the identified factorsConclusion: Therefore, professionalization in sports federations has many problems and obstacles, of course, part of it can be solved by choosing the correct management mechanisms and basic planning within the federation. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_92661.html The purpose of the present research was to explain the pathological model of the position of women in Iranian sports.The statistical population of the research included all managers and employees of the Ministry of Sports, professors and doctoral students,coaches and international referees and professional athletes.Sampling in the qualitative part was purposeful, which continued until theoretical saturation was reached and in the quantitative part, it was done in an accessible manner and based on reliable sources, 394 people from the community participated in completing the questionnaire online.the method of data collection was field based and specifically based on the structural equation model which was done using SPSS version 25 software and LISREL version 8.8 software.The research tool included a researcher-made questionnaire that was used after confirming face validity and construct validity(KMO=0.91) and the result of Bartlett's test (p=0.0001, χ=20107/1).FindingsBased on factor analysis through principal component analysis and parallel analysis, it was determined that pathology of women's position in Iranian sports contains three main factors (environmental content and structural) and 16 subfactors; Also, the results of the second-order confirmatory factor analysis with Lisrel software showed that all factor loadings have good explanatory powerand based on the prioritization of the dimensions of the threepronged model, the behavioral and content dimensions are in the first place;The environmental dimension is in the second place and structuraldimension is in the thirdpriorityso it is suggested that the officials first make changes in the content and behavior field,then in the environmental dimensionand finally in the behavioral dimension. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_92710.html Introduction: The current research aims to designing a model for the promotion of sports management in Iranian universities.Methods: The research direction is developmental and inductive-exploratory in terms of goal, which was carried out as a qualitative research method with the grounded theory approach. First, a primary list of obstacles and limitations of the major was identified through preliminary studies. Then, purposefully, with theoretical and snowball sampling methods, in a semi-structured form, 18 elites who were aware of the research topic were interviewed until theoretical saturation. Using Glaser's approach, the data were analyzed simultaneously, including open, selective, and theoretical coding. Lincoln and Gaba's (1985) evaluation criteria were considered to validate the research results, including credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability. Results: The model obtained from the data has three main categories, and the central phenomenon showed the major authority in sports. obstacles and limitations of the major have been categorized into three sub-categories, including the shortcoming of high-level institutions, the weakness of legal requirements, and the failures in sports management. Finally, the solutions for sports management development included three sub-categories: development of human resources competencies, curriculumand research programs, and revolutionary legal requirements.Conclusion: physical education faculties with sports management majors can make more detailed plans to improve the position and authority of the field in the country's sport according to the identified categories. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_96613.html Introduction: The purpose of this research was to study the qualitative development of indicators and criteria for performance evaluation of physical education and sports activities office of the Ministry of Education.Research method: The method was applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of data. The data was analyzed using two methods of document content analysis and theme analysis derived from interviews and semi-open questions. The participants included 8 university professors and 20 experts and managers of the headquarters of the Vice-Chancellor of Physical Education and Health. The data were analyzed by content analysis and theme analysis. Four criteria of reliability, transferability, and verifiability were used to measure the accuracy of qualitative research.Findings: Financial system management in student sport, equipment and standard spaces, human resource and beneficiary’s management, development of physical education curriculum, promotion of sport extracurricular in schools, communication and organizational partnerships, promotion of research and development, and benefiting from the volunteer force forms the main axes of the student sports performance evaluation system.Conclusion: The findings of this research calculated and presented the criteria and indicators for evaluating the performance of the student sport field, based on which the relevant managers and trustees can use these criteria and indicators to create appropriate legal mechanisms and structures for evaluation. and evaluate the performance of student sport as a part of the public formal education and training system. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_96614.html Introduction: This research has been conducted with the aim of qualitative and quantitative analysis of the influencing factors on the scientific development of national sports in Iraq.Methods: This research is a mixed-methods, exploratory study, in which the factors affecting the scientific development of national sports in the country are examined through semi-structured interviews within a conceptual model. Furthermore, the impact of each group of factors on the scientific development of sports in the country is investigated using structural equation modeling.Results: The results indicated that the possibility of scientific development of sports in this country will exist provided that proper cultural assimilation and increased attention to meritocracy and the utilization of sports science experts in Iraq's sports structure take place. Moreover, the development of sports infrastructure in this country should be based on international standards, and there should be a change in the sports administration system as well as increased focus on privatization in the sports industry. Additionally, greater mobilization of financial and human resources and the approval and amendment of necessary laws, alongside a change in the mindset of senior sports officials in terms of the substantial influence of utilizing sports science and the involvement of specialists in achieving national and international sports successes, must be implemented.Conclusion: Based on the results, it is recommended that senior sports officials in Iraq make efforts to achieve sustainable progress in sports in the country and elevate the position of Iraqi sports internationally through scientific development. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_98206.html Introduction: The present study was conducted to determine the role of security and social support in the leisure physical activity of adult women in Tehran. Methods: An objective-based research approach is applied, utilizing descriptive nature and qualitative research. The statistical population included adult women (19-60 years old) of Tehran. The samples were selected from women who, according to “Sport Organization of Tehran Municipality” report, had engaged in physical activity at their leisure for at least a year. This was to meet the World Health Organization standard of 150 minutes of physical activity per week. The sampling method was first conducted randomly, followed by purposefully continuing until theoretical saturation was reached. Information was collected through 51 individual interviews and 5 focus groups in different areas of Tehran. Interviews were analyzed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis approach.Results: The results indicated that security factors are effective on the amount of leisure physical activity of women in Tehran. It was also found that the amount and type of effective security in women's leisure physical activity in each region is different from other regions. In addition, it was found that increasing the types of social support (emotional, financial, informational and instrumental) increases the amount of leisure physical activity of women.Conclusion: the government and responsible organizations (such as the municipality and the police) improve the level of women's leisure physical activity by removing security barriers and strengthening various types of social support (such as reducing the tuition fees of sports complexes). https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_98273.html Introduction: The purpose of this research is to present a quantitative model of human resource risk in the Ministry of Sports and Youth using the fuzzy approach. Methods: The present research method is applied in terms of purpose and mixed in terms of approach, so that in the phase of identifying human resources risks, qualitative research is used to extract experts' opinions and for validation, as well as in the stages of analyzing and measuring these risks, a quantitative method is also used. The research tool in extracting data was interview method and the collected data was analyzed using theme analysis method. In the next step, by filling out a questionnaire of human resources managers, elites and experts in the field of human resources risk, the imagined scenarios in this field were identified and finally by using quantitative models of fuzzy expert systems and software tools. Mental modeling was done to design a quantitative model of human resource risk assessment. Results Based on this, a quantitative model has been proposed to measure the risk of human resources, which includes the risks of human resources competencies, added value of human resources, flows (operational processes) of human resources, behavioral human resources, characteristics of human resources, HR performance productivity and HR attitude were classified. Conclusion: The obtained results indicate that the risk of human resources decreases and increases under the change of what factors. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_99064.html Introduction: A detailed examination of this topic and an analysis of the practical implementation strategies of this technology in the sports industry can yield valuable insights. Therefore, the present research aims to identify blockchain technology's advantages, challenges, and development strategies in the sports industry services sector.Methods: The research methodology is qualitative, employing content analysis, and the study population consists of sports managers and professors specializing in blockchain technology within the sports domain. A purposive sampling method was used to select 12 participants as the research sample. Information gathering tools included in-depth and semi-structured interviews conducted with experts in the fields of blockchain and information technology, present in the sports and sports management domains. Results: The results of this research encompass the identification of the advantages and challenges posed by blockchain technology to the sports industry. These include but are not limited to issues such as identity verification, intermediary elimination, the complexity of blockchain technology, lack of understanding of blockchain technology, and more. Furthermore, the research identifies strategies for the implementation of this technology in the sports industry, emphasizing the need to formulate regulations and policies tailored to the perspectives and opinions of experts in the sports business domain. Conclusion: These regulations should be decided upon and established separately, considering the views of specialists in the sports business domain, to effectively govern and guide the incorporation of blockchain technology in the sports industry and its sub-sectors. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_99065.html Introduction: Social responsibility is a new approach of organizational behavior that causes efficient citizenship behaviors from customers through strengthening relationships with customers. Therefore the purpose of research wasThe modeling of citizenship behavior and emotional dependence of riding club customers was based on social responsibility of managers.Methods: The statistical population of the research included all the clients of riding clubs in Golestan province, from which 113 people were selected through purposive sampling. The research tools included questionnaires of social responsibility (Lee et al., 2022), emotional dependence (Lewi and Hin, 2006) and customer citizenship behavior (Yi and Gang, 2013), that internal reliability confirmed Cronbach's alpha method. To data analysis, SPSS and SmartPLS statistical software were used (P≤0.05)..Results: The results of the path analysis of the research model showed that the social responsibility of equestrian clubs has a positive and significant effect on emotional dependence and the occurrence of citizenship behaviors of customers. Also, the results of the research showed that the effect of social responsibility of equestrian clubs on the citizenship behavior of its customers is positive and significant with the mediating role of emotional dependence.Conclusion: It is suggested to the managers and owners of equestrian clubs to strengthen the trustworthiness and psychological belonging of their customers through planning and establishing a culture of social responsibility among their human resources and to provide the basis for the growth of their business through brand building. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_99203.html Introduction:The main goal of this research is to determine the effect of economic and social indicators on the performance of countries in the world championship taekwondo competitions and it was carried out from 2001 to 2022.Methods:The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical and research data was collected and studied during the years 2001 to 2022. The statistical population of the research is all the participating countries and the statistical sample includes the top 10 countries in terms of total medals won during 11 periods of these games. The econometric method of panel data approach was used, and in the first stage, to check the stationarity of the data, Levin, Lin, Chu test was used using the econometric software Eviews version 13.Results:The results showed that all variables of economic indicators such as: gross domestic product, gross domestic product per capita, inflation rate, Gini coefficient, unemployment rate as well as all variables of social indicators such as: population size, literacy rate, hospitality and water and Weather has an effect on the sports performance of countries in the World Taekwondo Championships.Conclusion:According to the obtained results, it can be said that paying attention to and solving economic-social problems can have a significant effect on the performance of countries in the World Taekwondo Championships. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_99386.html Introduction: The present research was designed with the aim of developing a hubris syndrome control model in Iranian sports federations.Methods: The current research was one of the qualitative types of research that was carried out in the field. The qualitative method used in this research was of the grand theory type. The data collection tool in this research was a semi-structured interview. The participants in the current research included people who experienced the phenomenon of hubris syndrome in sports federations in the period of 1403. The participants in this research using purposeful sampling and with the approach of selecting homogeneous sampling and at the same time observing the maximum diversity; Sampling was done until reaching theoretical saturation. Finally, 14 interviews were conducted in this regard.Results: The results showed that the dimensions and components of the research phenomenon have 6 overarching themes, 16 organizing themes and 89 basic themes. Paying attention to individual and environmental inhibiting factors can create solutions in three areas, including supervisory, promotional and personal development solutions.Conclusion: operational activities to control hubris syndrome in Iranian sports federations are fully understood and can lead to the reduction of this phenomenon and as a result its signs in the surrounding environment including behavioral signs (decision-making and management transformation) and organizational signs (networking and organizational citizenship behavior) are fully evident. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_99439.html Introduction: The aim of the current research was to analyze the hegemony of Western media on the intellectual system of athletes of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the media space.Methods: The research method is qualitative and using general inductive approach. The statistical population of the research consists of university faculty members, experts and specialists in the field of media. In order to verify and transferability, the results and findings of the research were given to four professors in the field of sports science and its internal and external validity was confirmed. In line with the compatibility and proof of research quality, the method of data analysis was given to two referees in the specialized field of sports media and confirmed.Results: The findings showed that in order to implement their hegemonic principles in Iran by using Iranian athletes, the Western media follow a six-stage process strategy including: problematization, documentation, legitimization, attitude formation, disappointment and disgust formation.Conclusion: Based on the results of the research, the western media first create problems and challenges for the Islamic system and then document the created problems with the help of athletes. In the following, they seek to legitimize the accusations against Iran and try to create a negative attitude against the Iranian government in the society. These media, by disappointing people about the future of the Islamic Revolution and using the media platform of Iranian athletes, try to make people disgusted with the Iranian government. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_99459.html Introduction: Introduction: The study aimed to analyze sport accidents reports from judicial court experts. Methods: The research followed a descriptive and analytical approach using content analysis methods (quantitative and qualitative). Official documents (n = 44) concerning judicial expert reports were obtained through collaboration with the Association of Judicial Experts and courts. Data analysis involved various coding techniques like finder, sub, and simultaneous coding. To ensure the analysis's validity, strategies such as document authenticity, ethical considerations, precise research description, and dual coding were employed.Results: The research revealed that the primary reasons for accidents in 10 subcategories are: 1- factors linked to trainers' incapacity and negligence, 2- issues stemming from managers' poor planning and supervision, 3- failure to adhere to instructions and regulations by managers and trainers, 4- lack of parental supervision in children's sports activities, 5- inadequate safety measures in sports facilities, 6- poor maintenance of sports equipment, 7- lack of cleanliness in sports venues, 8- preexisting health conditions in athletes, 9- athlete negligence, and 10- athletes' unfamiliarity with the rules.Conclusion: Based on these findings, recommendations have been put forth to relevant bodies and entities (such as the Ministry of Education, Judiciary, and Sports and Youth organizations). These suggestions encompass training programs for teachers, coaches, parents, and students. Furthermore, oversight mechanisms by governing bodies (like regulatory agencies) should be enhanced. Offering liability insurance for coaches, teachers, and team managers is also advised as part of the research recommendations. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_99460.html Introduction: Modeling has consistently been recognized as one of the most powerful tools for conveying values, attitudes, and cognitive and behavioral patterns. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the characteristics of sports champions in their role as role models.Methods: A qualitative approach was employed in this study, utilizing semi-structured interviews with 14 purposefully selected experts in sports management and sociology. To ensure the trustworthiness of the findings, Lincoln and Guba (1985) criteria for credibility and transferability were applied. Thematic analysis, facilitated by MAXQDA software, was used to analyze the interview data.Results: After interviewing the experts, the initial coding phase resulted in the extraction of 98 primary themes and 63 foundational themes, which were categorized into 14 organized themes and 5 overarching themes. The overarching themes include personal and performance characteristics, cultural positioning, social dimensions of athletes, public appeal, and personality dimensions of athletes, all of which focus on their modeling and influence within society.Conclusion: This research underscores the imperative of policymakers and decision-makers within the sports domain to leverage the influential capital of athletic figures in fostering and institutionalizing societal norms and values, particularly among the adolescent population. Consequently, the application of these findings in the formulation of overarching sports policies and the development of comprehensive sports programs can exert a profound impact on the enhancement of societal well-being, the augmentation of public engagement in sports, and the mitigation of future social maladies. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_99991.html More than half of the world's population does not have enough physical activity; Therefore, the demand for effective programs in the field of sports and physical activity is increasing. This research was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the drivers of public sports in South Khorasan province. It was of a mixed type that was conducted in two qualitative and quantitative stages. In the qualitative section, the purposeful sampling method was used to conduct in-depth interviews. After 14 interviews with specialists, university professors, officials and veterans of the General Sports Board and officials of the General Department of Sports and Youth of South Khorasan, the data was coded based on thematic analysis. In the quantitative part, 14 experts were selected based on judgmental sampling and the data were ranked using the fuzzy Dimetal technique. Using the theme analysis method showed 78 basic themes and 10 overarching themes. The overarching themes included demographic changes, social trends, growth of sports businesses, technological development, mass media marketing, public policy, scientific development of sports, physical development, changing values, and health considerations. In the quantitative part, the results showed that the change of values, the scientific development of sports and health considerations are more important than other identified themes, and public policy has the lowest priority among the other factors .it seems; Comprehensive programs by prioritizing cultural values and considering the improvement of scientific infrastructure and focusing on health considerations can improve the development of public sports at the national level https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_100254.html This study aimed to develop a paradigmatic model for the development of educational competencies of teachers of physical education and sports sciences faculties in Iraq.This qualitative research was applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection method. To collect data, 16 articles and interviews with 9 elites were used, and then Strauss and Corbin's method was used to analyze the data.for the causal factors 116 concepts, 9 sub-categories and 3 main categories (organizational factors, intrapersonal factors, and job factors), for intervening factors, 73 concepts, 8 sub-categories and 3 main categories (attention to self and others, educational qualifications and teacher abilities), for contextual factors, 89 concepts, 9 sub-categories and 3 main categories (interest in the field, personal assets and teacher's effort level), for strategies 72 concepts, 7 sub-categories and 3 main categories (development of personal knowledge, attention to education and classroom and growth and development of students), and for achievements 24 concepts, 6 sub-categories and 3 main categories (development of physical education and sports sciences, improvement of quality of life and cultivation of moral qualities), and a total of 374 concepts, 39 sub-categories and 15 main categories related to the development of educational competencies of teachers of physical education and sports science faculties in Iraq were identified.in addition to the growth, improvement, and development of their educational competencies, should also consider the growth and development of students and always try to provide them with the best and latest educational materials by developing their knowledge. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_100259.html Introduction: The main goal of this research is to model the effect of entrepreneurial marketing and technological innovation on the sustainable development of businesses in Iran's sports industry.Methods: The statistical population of the current research includes activists, experts in the field of sports business and sports marketing active in the country's sports industry, which are 250 people. Since the statistical population was limited, the same number was considered as a statistical sample. The research tools include Fury Entrepreneurial Marketing Questionnaire (2013), Kamison and Villar Technological Innovation Questionnaire (2014) and Aghaei Sustainable Development Questionnaire (1400). These questionnaires were provided and collected to the research sample both electronically and manually, and finally 213 questionnaires were statistically analyzed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the research data. In the inferential statistics section, Spss23 software and structural equation modeling methods and SmartPLS4 software were used to estimate the model.Results: The results of the research showed that entrepreneurial marketing and technological innovation have an effect on the sustainable development of businesses in Iran's sports industry. The research model has a good and according to the value (t-statistic), all hypotheses proposed in the research were confirmed.Conclusion: Entrepreneurial marketing and technological innovation are the keys to the success and sustainability of sports businesses in today's competitive market of sports products and services. The ability to produce new sports services with unique quality in competitive markets is a basic requirement for the sustainable development of sports industry business https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_100321.html Introduction: In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted in the field of esports in Iran, highlighting a growing interest in this domain. However, there remains a need for a systematic review to provide a comprehensive and integrated evaluation of these studies. This research adopts a systematic review approach with the objective of analyzing the status of domestic studies related to esports.Methods: The study’s statistical population consisted of 26 articles published in scientific and research journals and conferences between 2001 and 2024, extracted from reputable Persian-language academic databases.Results: Findings reveal a significant increase in the number of esports-related studies, particularly after 2022, corresponding with the growing interest among researchers. The majority of these studies focus on management and planning areas, with most of the articles authored by experts in sports management. Additionally, many of the articles contain cohesive theoretical frameworks and primarily use quantitative methods and questionnaire tools for data collection.Conclusion: The analysis indicates that although interest in esports is increasing, there are notable gaps in the psychological, social, and economic aspects of this field. Developing stronger theoretical frameworks, employing mixed research methods, and emphasizing interdisciplinary dimensions could enhance the quality and scope of research in this domain. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_100322.html The purpose of this research was to design a sustainable safety management development model in school sports. Based on the purpose, this research was of the applied research type and was based on the collection of qualitative-exploratory information, which was carried out with the Strauss and Corbin approach. The statistical population was all the professors and specialists active in the field of sports management and student sports in Iran, and the theoretical purposeful sampling method with the snowball technique (14 people) and based on the theoretical saturation criterion was used. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. The collected data were analyzed using open, axial and selective coding and the final pattern was extracted.Based on the results obtained from 220 concepts and 27 categories of causal factors, in the categories of foresight and foresight, talent search, environmental risks and environmental dos and don'ts; background conditions in teaching and learning sports and environment, promoting sustainability through sports, legal and administrative infrastructures and financial management and economic security; Intervening factors in the two dimensions of barriers and facilitators; Strategies in factors such as evaluation of sustainable safety efficiency, social security, promotion of environmental safety culture, management of health and nutrition safety, educational and research effectiveness, formulation of criteria and criteria based on sustainability, pathology of safety and event security, intelligentization of sports facilities management have been evaluated the consequences were also determinedBy emphasizing the identified components, it is possible to help environmental development and ensure the safety of school https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_100387.html Introduction: The present research aims to conduct a comparative study on the status of sustainable development of football stadiums in Iran and selected European countries, and to provide practical recommendations for the sustainable development of sports, in line with the preservation of the Iranian environment.Research method: This is a comparative study with a qualitative approach, and the data were collected from documents, guidelines, articles, and online resources related to the sustainable development of stadiums and environmental measures in the selected countries. The data were analyzed using George Brody's comparative model. The study population includes the Premier League stadiums of the United Kingdom, Spain, Germany, Italy, France, and Iran.Findings: The identified measures for the sustainable development of stadiums in the studied countries were classified into six sections: green transportation management, energy consumption management, use of green materials, waste management, air and water resources management, and utilization of renewable energy sources.Conclusion: The results of this research can be used by the responsible institutions and policymakers in sports. The managers can utilize the experiences of the leading countries in sustainable development to manage sports facilities sustainably. The findings can also be used to develop a comprehensive plan for the sustainable development of sports and the social responsibility of sports towards the Iranian environment. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_100388.html Introduction: With the ongoing increase in public investment in elite sports, the significance of public acceptance cannot be overlooked. However, there is limited information on public attitudes and acceptance of elite sports policies. The purpose of this study is to investigate the key factors affecting the public acceptance of elite sports policies.Method: The research sample included Latin documents and articles published in the period of 2015-2023. These articles were extracted from reliable information sources such as PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Taylor Francis. After the process of adjusting the studies according to the entry and exit criteria, 24 documents were analyzed as a sample. To improve the transparency of the report and improve the quality of the evidence, the reporting guide (eMERGE) and the partial quality tool of Wash and Devon (2006), which is designed to objectively evaluate the quality of the studies, were used. This research approach made it possible to provide a comprehensive and deep view of the key factors effecting in the general acceptance of elite sports policies.Results: Analyzing the themes of the documents identified 3 key clusters, i.e. social achievements, social risks, and quality of communication (along with 19 secondary themes) as comprehensive fields and a basis for public acceptance of elite sports social policies.Conclusion: In order to implement policies related to elite sports, the necessary knowledge of its general acceptance fields can be a useful step in the successful implementation of elite sports policies by the government. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_100534.html Introduction: This study aimed to examine the influence of organizational intelligence on organizational inertia among the staff members of the Iranian Ministry of Sports and Adolescence, with the mediating role of job self-efficacy, change management, and organizational trust.Methods: This research was descriptive (correlational), and the population included all staff members of the Ministry of Sports and Adolescence in the year 2022, (N=772). The participants of the study were determined 260 with employing the Kerjesy and Morgan's method (1970), which are selected through stratified random sampling from different deputies of the ministry. The instruments employed in this study included five questionnaires: Organizational Intelligence (Albrecht, 2003), Job Self-Efficacy (Betz, Klein, and Taylor, 1996), Change Management (Mohammad Yari,1380), Organizational Trust (Zalabak, Ellis, and Winograd, 2000), and Organizational Inertia (Hagg, 2014). The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.Results: The results of the study indicated that Organizational Intelligence, Job Self-efficacy, and Organizational Trust had a significant direct effect on Change Management in the staff members of the Ministry of Sports and Adolescence, with regression weights of .61, .56, and .49, respectively. Job Self-efficacy, Change Management, and Organizational Trust also had a significant direct effect on reducing Organizational Inertia in the relevant Ministry's staff members, with regression weights of .34, .68, and .29, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results, it is recommended to senior officials in Iranian Ministry of Sports and Adolescence to strive towards the Organizational Inertia in that ministry based on the concepts and factors discovered in this research. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_100664.html Introduction: The experience of different countries regarding the use of sports as an efficient tool to solve many political conflicts and the existence of a research gap led to the present research being conducted with the aim of developing a model of political development of sports in the Islamic Republic of Iran.Methods: This research is applied and qualitative type based on grounded theory with Strauss and Corbin approach. The participants in the current research were 13 experts in the field of politics and sports in Iran, members of the faculty of sports management and political science, who were selected using purposeful method and considering theoretical saturation. The tool of research was semi-structured interview. In the stage of data analysis, firstly, the demographic characteristics of the participants and then the coding of the data were presented.Results: The coding results of this research were obtained in 96 open codes, 32 concepts and 14 categories. The results of the research showed that the political development model of sports in the Islamic Republic of Iran consists of five dimensions: causal factors (the need for development and the need to solve problems), background factors (environmental factors, management factors and level of awareness), intervening factors (internal and external obstacles), strategies ( political, organizational and economic) and consequences (sports development, socio-cultural development, economic development and political development).Conclusion: The political development of Iranian sports can lead to the country's sports, cultural, social and economic development in addition to reducing domestic and international problems. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_100665.html The purpose of this research was to design a model of factors influencing the attraction of private sector investment in educational sports in Iran. The statistical population of the research included experts in sports management, economics, private sector investors and managers in the field of educational sports in an unlimited number. In the qualitative section, 18 tons were selected as a research sample, and in the quantitative section, 122 tons were selected based on Cochran's formula. To achieve the goals of the research, a 71-question questionnaire made by the researcher was used. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 15 experts and the construct validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Composite reliability indices and Cronbach's alpha for all constructs were higher than 0.7. Delphi method was used in three stages to analyze the data in the qualitative part. In the quantitative part, descriptive and inferential statistical methods including confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were used with the help of SPSS 22 and Smartpls 2.0 software.Results: In this model, there are 7 categories of factors in the order of factor load priority, including financial and economic factors (0.759), managerial, educational and research factors (0.707), legal and political factors (0.706), supportive and encouraging factors (0.633). , media and marketing (0.607), cultural and social (0.471), sports (0.421). The obtained model had a good fit https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_100717.html Introduction: In this research, coaching challenges in multicultural football teams were investigated.Methods: The qualitative research method (thematic analysis) was exploratory and applied in terms of purpose, and it was implemented in the field. The participants in the research (16 people) were coaches with experience in multicultural football teams. These participants were selected through purposeful sampling and the snowball method until reaching the theoretical saturation point. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, and the coding method was used to analyze the data from the interviews. Validity and reliability of interviews were checked through valid methods.Results: The results of the research led to the discovery of 18 key components, including: (misunderstanding and incorrect perception in dealings and lack of proper communication between players as a communication factor), (different mental and psychological problems of players and diversity in nutrition and temperament of players as a factor of individual differences), and (problems of accommodation and different weather conditions in the environmental factor) as coaching challenges in multicultural soccer teams.Conclusion: According to the results of this research, it can be concluded that communication factors, individual differences, and environmental factors are among the main challenges of coaching in multicultural football teams. These challenges can have significant effects on team performance and cohesion. By adopting appropriate measures, coaches and managers can help improve the performance of multicultural soccer teams and turn existing challenges into opportunities for growth. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_100785.html Introduction: The purpose of this research was to identify and analyze the factors affecting the success of sports reporters.Methods: Qualitative research with a systematic exploratory approach was chosen. The statistical population of the research includes professors of sports management and the field of media with at least two researches in the field of the research topic, prominent sports journalists with at least 10 years of experience and more than a bachelor's degree, and managers in charge of publications, radio and television programs with management experience of more than 5 years and education was more than bachelor's degree. The approximate number of the statistical population was 44 people. The statistical sample was selected based on reaching theoretical saturation (18 people). The research tool included a systematic library study and exploratory (semi-structured) interview. The validity of the tool was evaluated and confirmed based on the validity of the sample, expert opinion, and agreement between the correctors. In order to analyze the findings, a multi-stage conceptual coding method with a systemic analysis approach was used. Based on the extracted conceptual framework, 4 subcategories and 30 open codes were obtained. Results: The results of selective coding showed that journalists who have technical factors such as media literacy and technology literacy, as well as individual factors such as individual characteristics and individual characteristics related to the job, are more successful than their other colleagues in the field of sports journalism. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_100786.html Introduction: Large language models (LLMs) are a class of artificial intelligence (AI) models built on deep learning and natural language processing (NLP). This study aims to develop a comprehensive site selection model for sports facilities in Iran using LLMs.Methods: This qualitative study employs grounded theory methodology with a constructivist approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with three LLMs: ChatGPT, Claude, and Google Gemini, which are proficient in understanding Persian. A purposive sampling strategy was employed.Results: Out of approximately 250 transcribed sentences from the interviews, 175 initial categories were identified and coded by the researcher in the initial coding phase after removing duplicates and irrelevant items. Subsequently, 27 codes were extracted in focused coding and finally organized into five core codes: operations management, influencing factors, organizing elements, requirements, and feedback.Conclusion: The comprehensive constructivist model for the site selection of sports facilities in Iran, utilizing a feedback system, particularly during key technological review stages and expert verbal judgments, demonstrates high efficiency and effectiveness. This feedback system allows the model to dynamically respond to new needs and implement corrective actions and strategy updates with speed and accuracy. The conclusion from this model indicates that an effective feedback system contributes to the flexibility and continuous optimization of the site selection processes, enabling decision-makers to make better-informed decisions based on precise and up-to-date data. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_100963.html Introduction: This study aimed to explore the influential factors affecting the acceptance and implementation of new energy-efficient technologies in sports facilities across Iran.Methods: The research employed purposeful sampling followed by the snowball method to identify suitable interviewees, ultimately achieving theoretical saturation through discussions with 14 individuals. The research utilized two primary tools: a comprehensive literature review and in-depth interviews. Content validity for the interview tool was established by incorporating feedback from experts (four experienced researchers), and reliability was confirmed through the retest method with an 86% consistency rate.Results: Analysis of the interviews resulted in the identification of 306 open codes, subsequently categorized ino 134 core themes. The study's outcomes revealed six principal factors influencing the acceptance and adoption of new energy-efficient technologies in sports venues: Management, economic, social, technical, political, and cultural factors.Conclusion: Politicians, policymakers, and managers of sports organizations and venues must create the necessary conditions and infrastructure to build sports facilities with reduced energy consumption, considering the six identified factors, in order to achieve sustainable development goals in the country's sports sector and construct sustainable sports facilities. These measures will not only help reduce the environmental impacts of the sports industry but will also play a significant role in preserving the urban and national environment. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_100964.html Introduction: Considering the importance of sports business branding, the purpose of this research was to identify the influencing factors on sports business branding with the approach of digital marketing development.Methods: The present research method is qualitative and of the type of analytical-exploratory research and is considered an applied research in terms of purpose. The participants in this research included experts and experienced people in the field of branding, digital marketing, and sports management, and the purposeful snowball sampling method was used in the research. To collect information, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants and theoretical saturation was achieved with 16 interviews. For data analysis, thematic analysis method was used to obtain information for this research.Results: In this study, 3 themes and 8 concepts were discovered and counted. Regarding the factors affecting the branding of sports businesses with a digital marketing development approach, it shows that three key factors for the success of sports business branding in digital marketing have been identified: developing brand identity, optimizing user experience, and strategic planning. Brand identity helps differentiate and create emotional connections with customers, user experience affects positive interactions and customer loyalty, and strategic planning enables the achievement of goals and adaptation to market changes. Conclusion: Sports businesses must focus and plan on brand identity development, user experience optimization, and strategic planning. Therefore, sustainable success requires coordination between these factors and a comprehensive approach. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_100965.html condensedThe main goal of the current research was to provide a model for the survival of sports businesses in the Corona and post-corona crisis. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and the Foundation's data theorizing method. The key informants of the research included 17 people related to the subject of the research. The data were collected through interviews and targeted sampling and were analyzed based on a systematic approach during three stages of open, central and selective coding. The findings indicated that the dimensions of the paradigm model include causal conditions (targeted management, human power empowerment, government planning, economic structure of sports), contextual conditions (smoothness of obstacles, advertising, attitude towards sports), intervening conditions (infrastructural development) , legal solutions), strategies (income development, improvement of organizational capabilities, fan interaction strategy, sports prioritization) and consequences (economic boom, sports industry boom, sustainable development, quality boom) based on which the economic policy-making model was designed and validated. Based on the findings of the model, it is better to form the administrative and management infrastructure of businesses based on corona and post-corona economic strategies. Facilitating the development of the sports industry in the post-corona era by government trustees and empowering sports complexes can be effective for the development of sports businesses. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_101024.html Introduction: This study aimed to develop a health promotion program through physical activity and sports in Iraq.Methods: This qualitative research was applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection method. To collect data, interviews with 18 elites were used, and then Strauss and Corbin's method was used to analyze the data. Results: Based on the findings, for causal conditions, 61 concepts, 10 subcategories, and 3 main categories (individual conditions, relationships and attitudes, and macrostructural factors), for intervening factors, 28 concepts, 7 subcategories, and 2 main categories (barriers and constraints, and facilitators), for contextual factors, 30 concepts, 6 subcategories, and 2 main categories (drivers and motivators), for strategies, 65 concepts, 12 subcategories, and 3 main categories (promoting the status of physical activity in the Ministry of Health, emphasizing urban development and active commuting, and emphasizing cultivating, education, and promotion of physical activity and sports in society), and for achievements, 57 concepts, 7 subcategories, and 3 main categories (growth and promotion of society, individual development, and physical-psychological outcomes), and a total of 241 concepts, 42 subcategories, and 13 main categories related to the health promotion program model through physical activity and sports in Iraq were identified.Conclusion: Developing and implementing appropriate strategies to attract individuals and different segments of society to physical activity and sports, can lead to individual progress in career, communication, physical, and psychological dimensions, and ultimately, lead to the growth and advancement of that society. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_101144.html The research was to evaluate effective managerial factors in developing teamwork in team sports among the players working in the Khuzestan teams of premier leagues in 1403Methods: The research was applied in terms of objective and descriptive methods. The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative). Identification of effective management factors in teamwork in football was made through background literature review and exploratory interviews and in the form of content analysis (coding analysis unit, categories and registration unit). A sample of 14 experts from club managers (2), coaches (5) referees (3) and players (4) were selected based on experience criteria and purposefully. After discovering the concepts and coding, a questionnaire with 6 components and 29 questions was prepared and after its validity and reliability were confirmed through Cronbach's alpha, among the sample (206) of 12 football teams present in the first and second division leagues. Khuzestan football was distributed in 1403. The software used was SmartPLS.The results showed that firstly, individual factors, secondly, cultural and educational factors, thirdly, technical and skill factors, fourthly, managerial factors, fifthly, financial factors, and infrastructural factors are effective in the development of teamwork in football.)To develop teamwork in football, to support players and coaches, to pay attention to the basic needs of players and to resolve possible conflicts between players and technical and infrastructure facilities, and to create a positive atmosphere of cooperation interaction and constructive communication between players and coaches, and to aim for the development of the club. be given special attention. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_101384.html Introduction:The aim of this research is to provide a model for empowering children with a focus on the development of peace and social justice through sports activities. Methods: To conduct the present study, the grounded theory method and the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin (1998) were utilized. The participants included faculty members from the fields of sports management and sociology (with a minimum of three scientific-research articles or two authored books on peace and social justice), sports coaches (with at least five years of experience related to children's sports activities), and sports managers and policymakers from organizations such as the National Olympic Committee and sports federations. Sampling was done purposefully, and theoretical saturation was achieved after 18 interviews. The research tools included library studies and interviews. The content validity of the interview tool was confirmed using expert opinions and inter-rater agreement. Results: As a result of coding, a total of 146 codes were identified, and common data were categorized into 43 axial codes and 15 selective codes. The research's paradigmatic model was designed in the form of causal factors (individual, family, and social factors), intervening factors (ability to dialogue and understand, adherence to ethical and social principles, and a spirit of participation and critical receptivity), contextual factors (gender equality and global insight), strategies (education for peace, combating discrimination, and promoting human interaction with developmental environment), and outcomes (awareness of fundamental freedoms, human rights, and social awareness). https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_101385.html Introduction: The purpose of this research was to present an explanatory model of social justice in sports organizations. Methods: The current research method is based on a qualitative approach to the foundational data method (Strauss and Corbin's systematic model), which was conducted in the field in terms of the fundamental purpose and in terms of data collection. The statistical population of this research includes all academic experts (professors who have at least 2-3 research works related to the research topic) and experts in the field of sports and professors of sociologists and psychologists who are often members of the faculty of universities in the country, as well as experienced people in the field of sports. And the Ministry of Sports and Youth and sports federations, which were selected by snowball sampling method (18 people). The qualitative approach of grounded theory was used for open, central and selective coding in data analysis and open coding was done by analyzing the interviews. Based on the identified open codes, the central codes were formed and the theoretical model was developed with the help of selective coding, then the explanatory model was approved by the opinion of experts. Results: Factors affecting social justice in sports organizations include the characteristics of managers, employees and organizations. Contextual factors such as organizational rules, security and organizational framework as well as intervening factors such as macro laws, corruption in sports organizations and economic challenges are among the factors that influence social justice strategies (salary, training, organizational and evaluation). https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_101588.html Introduction: The aim of this study is to present an optimization model for the professional development path of football referees from talent identification to achieving international status. Methods: The present research adopts a qualitative approach using the grounded theory method (Strauss and Corbin's systematic model), and it is fundamental in nature, with data collection conducted through fieldwork. The statistical population includes academic elites, experts, and elites in the field of football refereeing, national and top-tier football referees, and members of the Football Federation's refereeing committee, selected through purposive sampling (20 individuals). Data analysis for open, axial, and selective coding was conducted using the grounded theory approach, and open coding was performed by analyzing interviews. Results The optimization model for the professional development path of football referees from talent identification to achieving international status is influenced by causal conditions (managerial and educational). Considering extracted strategies (motivation, cultural development, equipment and facilities, and referee training) influenced by contextual conditions (infrastructure, laws and regulations, and the status of refereeing) and intervening conditions (economic, refereeing challenges, talent identification, media, and international factors), one can witness the emergence of internal and external outcomes. Conclusion: Overall, the professional development of football referees can contribute to the overall development of football and sports. High-quality refereeing can enhance the level of games and attract more spectators and investors. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_101655.html Introduction: The purpose of this research was to analyze the HSE management based on the technology field theory in the sports facilities of the Ministry of Sports and Youth. Methods: A qualitative research with a systematic exploratory approach was chosen. The statistical population of the research includes professors of sports management specializing in the field of sports facilities (having articles in this field, writing or translating books, research projects and teaching experience of sports facilities in the university), professors in the field of health, environment and health (having completed at least two research in this field), managers of the general sports and youth departments of the country's provinces (with doctoral education), professors and researchers in the field of digital technology (conducting at least two researches in the field of digital technology) and managers of large sports venues of the country's sports and youth departments (with the capacity is more than 10 thousand people) who are interviewed in a targeted manner and the interview process continues until reaching theoretical saturation (20 people). The research tools included systematic library study and exploratory interview (semi-structured). In order to analyze the findings, a multi-stage conceptual coding method with a systemic analysis approach was used. Results: Based on the extracted conceptual framework, 8 organizational themes of new technologies, quantum, internet, technologies, DNA data, virtual reality, printing and web programs are the dimensions of the technology field and 3 organizational themes. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_101854.html In the highly competitive sports tourism market, understanding the competitive positioning of destinations is essential for managers. This study aimed to identify competitive factors and assess the competitiveness of the Mesr Desert as a desert sports tourism destination compared to its direct competitor, the Maranjab Desert. Employing a mixed-method approach, the research consisted of two phases: qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative phase utilized the fuzzy Delphi technique, while the quantitative phase employed the competitive performance importance matrix to delineate competitive positioning. Findings revealed that factors influencing the competitiveness of the Mesr Desert were identified across six dimensions and nineteen factors. The competitive performance importance matrix results indicated that the Mesr Desert held a sustainable competitive advantage in three areas: destination marketing and advertising, environmental sustainability, and destination reputation. However, in other characteristics, there was a significant need for improvement and urgent action. The conclusion emphasized that the identified nineteen factors played a critical role in the competitiveness of desert-based sports tourism destinations. Additionally, the insights from the competitive performance importance matrix provided essential information for managers of the Mesr Desert, serving as a strategic guide for decision-making regarding the development of desert sports and enhancement of the destination’s competitive capabilities. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_102064.html Introduction: The purpose of this study was to develop a model for reconstructing organizational paradigms in sports clubs through artificial intelligence (AI), utilizing the grounded theory approach. Methodology: This research was exploratory in terms of its objective and qualitative in terms of its strategy. It employed the grounded theory method based on Strauss and Corbin’s approach. The researcher conducted semi-structured interviews with current and former managers and deputies of sports clubs across the country. Data were collected using purposive sampling and the snowball sampling technique until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data triangulation was applied to ensure robustness. Findings: The coding process yielded 88 concepts in open coding, 25 subcategories in axial coding, and five main categories (causal conditions, intervening conditions, contextual conditions, strategies, and consequences) in selective coding, which were integrated into the final research model. Conclusion: The adoption of AI in sports clubs is significantly influenced by environmental, managerial, cultural, and financial factors. By establishing appropriate conditions, providing training, and developing infrastructure, sports clubs can leverage AI’s benefits. This study offers an analytical framework for reconstructing organizational paradigms in sports clubs through AI, enabling them to align logically and systematically with the rapidly growing global use of AI in sports. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_102132.html Introduction: Previous research has been conducted on startups, but few studies have explored the impact of corporate social responsibility and demographics. This paper aims to determine the effect of professional athletes' corporate social responsibility on startups success through the moderating role of demographics. Methods: The present study was an applied nature, and the data collection method was descriptive-survey with a correlational approach. The statistical population consisted of experts in the fields of marketing, sports startups, and sports entrepreneurship. A total of 71 individuals were selected through purposive and convenience sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM) with the SmartPLS software. Results: The findings suggest that the corporate social responsibility of professional athletes can positively influence startup success (t: 7.38, p: 0.0001); also the corporate social responsibility variable with the moderating role of gender has a positive and significant effect on the success of startups (t: 2.032, p: 0.043). Conclusion: It can be argued that corporate social responsibility (CSR) serves as a strategic tool that can contribute to the success of startups, particularly when these startups benefit from the support of renowned athletes. Additionally, the role of gender as a moderating factor highlights the necessity of adopting a meticulous and sensitive approach when collaborating with athletes in the context of CSR initiatives. Startups can leverage athletes' CSR efforts to align their values with those of their target audiences, thereby enhancing their brand, increasing stakeholder trust, and achieving sustainable growth. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_102278.html The present study was conducted with the aim of designing the process of popularity to myth in athletes. The present study method was mixed. The statistical sample of the qualitative section included coaches, sports managers, and university professors who were directly involved in the process of transforming an elite athlete into a myth. In order to identify these samples, the purposive sampling method was used. The statistical population in the quantitative section included all people related to elite athletes who are known as myths. The data collection tool in the present study included semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data of the present study, coding and structural equation testing were used. The entire data analysis process of the present study was carried out in SPSS, PLS, and Maxqda software. The results of the study showed that the process of transforming athletes' popularity into myth consists of five main components: popularity enhancement, stability, role modeling, interventions, and myth. Based on the analyses, it was found that popularity enhancement has a significant effect on stability (coefficient β = 0.833) and stability has a significant effect on role modeling (coefficient β = 0.819). The results of the study also showed that role modeling has a significant effect on myth (coefficient β = 0.301) and interventions have a significant effect on myth (coefficient β = 0.715). According to the findings of the study, it can be concluded that paying attention to the identified components (popularity enhancement, stability, https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_102279.html Introduction: Artificial intelligence has affected all industries and the present and future of the sports industry has also been affected by this new phenomenon and in this regard, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of artificial intelligence in the future of the Iranian sports industry. Methods: This is an applied, survey and qualitative research based on thematic analysis method with Atride-Stirling approach. The research participants were 17 specialists and experts in the fields of industrial management, business economics, artificial intelligence, computer science and sports management professors who were selected purposefully and according to the principle of theoretical saturation. The research tool was semi-structured interview. In order to analyze the data, the theme analysis method was used with Atride-Sterling (2001) approach. Results: The results showed that the key factors affecting the role of artificial intelligence in the future of Iran's sports industry include 8 themes of technology acceptance, political factors, economic factors, inhibiting factors, social factors, infrastructural factors, educational factors, and managerial factors. The research results also showed that the role of artificial intelligence in the Iranian sports industry was identified in two ways: a constructive role and a destructive role. Conclusion: Relevant officials and managers should pay special attention to the factors identified in this study so that they can benefit from the constructive role of artificial intelligence in the future of the sports industry and be safe from its destructive role. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_102607.html The purpose of this study is to present an economic model for transferring Premier League clubs to the private sector using a game theory approach. This paper follows a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods, with a review of relevant documents, articles, books, and interviews with four experts. The most suitable and efficient strategies for the government and club buyers were selected from the proposed strategies based on the influential variables in the privatization process. The proposed game was designed, and the graph model was implemented in the decision-support system software GMCR PLUS, 64-bit version. The research findings indicate that the government's strategy of providing infrastructure and revenue generation for clubs can benefit domestic and foreign buyers and investors. These benefits may include granting concessions such as economic objectives, tax exemptions, receiving facilities and loans from the government, and investment security, which constitute the Nash equilibrium point of this game. Additionally, the best suggested method for privatizing clubs is a step-by-step, gradual approach. Competitive balance can be achieved through activities such as legal use of facilities and relationships by state clubs, credit assessment of banks for payment of bank facilities, use of experiences of successful countries and conducting comparative studies in the field of club transfers, introduction of controlled electronic tax systems, formation of technical and specialized committees in clubs, especially in the marketing and revenue generation sectors, establishment of large factories to support football teams, and design of competition applications via the Internet, etc. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_102608.html Introduction: The aim of the current study was to study the partial role of brand identity and self-definitional needs in the brand image of football clubs in pro league of IRAN. Methods: The research was a descriptive–correlative and practical . The research population consisted of fans of popular football clubs in pro league of IRAN, and 341 fans were studied through purposive sampling approach. The research tool was a combination of standard questionnaires and the reliability of questionnaire was confirmed by Choronbach’s alpha and the validity was verified by conducting face, content and structural validity. The conceptual framework of the study was a model including brand identity, self-definitional needs, as well as brand image. To measure the validity and fitness of the model, and testing the research hypotheses, Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) has been applied by using AMOS22. Results: The findings demonstrated that “Brand identity” had positive and significant effect on “Brand image” and “Self-definitional needs”. “Self-definitional needs” had also positive and significant effect on “Brand image”. The results also showed that “Brand identity” indirectly and through “Self-definitional need” is effective on the “brand image” of football teams in Iranian pro league. Conclusion: According to the findings of the research, paying attention to the psychological and internal needs of fans as self-definitional needs along with the establishing efficient brand identity can play an important role in the process of creating an effective image in the minds of the fans. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_102870.html Introduction: This research aimed to identify and model the structural-interpretive factors of strategic capability in emerging university-owned sports clubs. Methods: This research employs the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method. The statistical population included all academic analysts with executive expertise (professors of sports management with executive and managerial experience in university and club sports). Factors were identified through a qualitative study using a thematic analysis approach. Subsequently, the factors were organized into a pairwise comparison questionnaire suitable for the ISM method. Data analysis was performed using Interpretive Structural Modeling and MICMAC analysis. Results: The results placed 15 factors into seven levels, based on which the ISM graph was designed. The direction of influence between the variables was determined from the seventh level to the first level of the model. The seventh level included: leveraging opportunities, mitigating challenges, and requirements of university club management; the sixth level included: structural growth and learning, and strategic and managerial orientation; the fifth level included: activating sports axes, optimizing executive mechanisms, and resource provision; the fourth level included: human empowerment and talent development, networking, and participation; the third level included: professionalizing disciplines, commercialization, and marketing; the second level included: competitiveness, sports success, financial growth, and value; and the first level included: organizational maturity and club stability. Conclusion: so the presented model explains a flow and chain of factors from environmental factors towards contextual and systemic factors, and then procedural and functional factors for the path of university sports club management and its growth. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_103037.html Introduction: The aim of this study was to propose a smart management model for the physical education system in schools, with an emphasis on modern technologies. Methods: This applied research employed a qualitative approach, specifically using Grounded Theory based on the Strauss and Corbin methodology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts and administrators in the fields of educational management, technology, and physical education. Data collection followed purposive sampling combined with snowball sampling techniques, continuing until theoretical saturation was reached. Data triangulation was employed to ensure validity and comprehensiveness in the findings. Results: The coding process resulted in 166 open codes, 32 subcategories, and five core categories: causal conditions, intervening conditions, contextual conditions, strategies, and consequences. These were synthesized into the final conceptual model presented in the study. Conclusion: The alignment of the findings with the objectives of Iran’s Fundamental Reform Document of Education, particularly the focus on empowering teachers through technology, offers a platform for enhancing students’ motor literacy and promoting a healthy lifestyle. This, in turn, improves the quality of instruction and student engagement. It is recommended that policymakers prioritize the development of digital infrastructure, establish national standards for physical education technologies, provide professional development for teachers, strengthen interdisciplinary collaboration, and formulate data protection protocols. This model can serve as a framework for implementation across all provinces in the country, contributing to the transformation of the physical education system, enhancement of public health, and advancement of entrepreneurial education through school-based physical education. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_103088.html Introduction: Fan tokens, as an innovation at the intersection of blockchain technology and the sports industry, have introduced a new model for fan engagement and club revenue generation. Socios, a leading platform in this domain, leverages the Chiliz cryptocurrency to enable fans to participate in limited club decision-making processes. Methodology: This study employs a qualitative focus group method and thematic analysis to examine the Socios fan token business model through the lens of Osterwalder’s Lean Business Model Canvas. Findings: The findings indicate that the platform's key value proposition lies in fan empowerment and digital engagement. However, challenges such as token price volatility, blockchain technology complexity, and financial and technical access limitations hinder its widespread adoption. Additionally, the dual nature of fan tokens—serving as both an engagement tool and a speculative asset—has raised concerns over their financial sustainability and fan trust. Furthermore, Socios’ dependency on Chiliz poses a risk to its revenue stability. Conclusion: Strategic recommendations from this study include simplifying the technology, reducing entry costs, enhancing transparency, diversifying rewards, and managing financial risks. This research suggests that fan tokens have the potential to redefine sports engagement, but their success depends on striking a balance between fan value and club profitability. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_103157.html Introduction: This study aims to develop a model for hybrid entrepreneurship in sports using a qualitative approach. Methods: The research adopted an exploratory qualitative design to examine hybrid entrepreneurship development in a sports context. Thirteen participants with experience in launching a sports business while maintaining salaried employment were selected through purposive and convenience sampling, following the information power principle. Data was collected via semi-structured interviews, and credibility, transferability, and confirmability were ensured to strengthen the study’s validity. Results: The results revealed that the hybrid entrepreneurship development model in sports consists of several key components. Causal factors such as differences between first and second jobs and individual capabilities drive entrepreneurial activity. Contextual factors, including economic circumstances and digital innovations, shape entrepreneurial opportunities. Intervening conditions, such as financial and organizational constraints, may either facilitate or hinder entrepreneurial growth. The model also encompasses strategies ranging from organizational to technological approaches, along with potential consequences spanning individual, organizational, and economic levels. These findings illustrate the broader impact of hybrid entrepreneurship in sports. Conclusion: This study advances the understanding of hybrid entrepreneurship by proposing a sport-specific conceptual framework. The findings offer valuable insights for sports entrepreneurs, policymakers, and industry decision-makers and it can help grow hybrid entrepreneurship in sport. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_103226.html Introduction:The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying factors affecting the development of algorithmic human resources in the Ministry of Sports and Youth. Methods:The current research method was mixed. The statistical sample of the qualitative part included specialists who are knowledgeable about the research topic. In order to identify these samples, the purposeful sampling method was used. This sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached and finally 13 people were selected as samples in the qualitative section. Also, the statistical population of this research included the employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, whose number was determined to be about 1,200 people, according to random selection and according to Morgan's sample size table, the number of 291 people was determined as the research sample. Finally, 278 questionnaires were analyzed. The qualitative research data was analyzed through the coding process. The data collection tool in this research includes a semi-structured questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data of this research, coding and structural equation test were used. All data analysis process of this research was done in SPSS, PLS and Maxqda software. Results:The results of this research showed that 46 codes were identified as effective factors. The results showed that the factors affecting the development of algorithmic human resources in the Ministry of Sports and Youth include 8 factors, including clarification, tools, database, training, motivational systems, managerial transformation, internal excellence, and monitoring and evaluation. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_103227.html Introduction: The current research was designed with the aim of providing a service model to generation Z customers in Iran's sports industry. Methods: The present research was one of the qualitative researches that was carried out in the field. The qualitative method used in this research was of the grand theory type. The participants in the present research included experts who are aware of the research topic. The participants in this research were selected using purposeful sampling and with the approach of selecting homogeneous sampling and at the same time observing the maximum diversity. This problem was formed until theoretical saturation was reached. Finally, 15 interviews were conducted in this regard. These people included experts who had full knowledge of the topic of the current research. In other words, from a scientific and practical point of view, he had valuable records in this regard. The data collection tool in this research was a semi-structured interview. Results: The results of the current research showed that the background conditions include the database, environmental monitoring, technical systems, favorable attitudes and the excellence of the sports industry. According to the results of the present research, it showed that the conditions of the intervention include general aspects, aspects related to audience and infrastructure aspects. Conclusion: Also, the results of the present research showed that the development strategies for serving Nesl Z customers in Iran's sports industry are in three parts: long-term, medium-term and short-term strategies. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_103305.html Introduction: The world of sports has always been driven by innovations and developments. From the introduction of new technologies to enhance player performance to the use of data analytics to analyze game strategies, it has come to the conclusion that the sports industry has never stopped embracing change. This study aimed to propose a model for the development of sports fan engagement in Iran, emphasizing the potential of the Metaverse. Method: This qualitative research was conducted using a fieldwork approach based on the grounded theory methodology. The participants were experts with in-depth knowledge of the research subject. A purposive sampling strategy with a homogeneous yet maximum variation approach was employed until theoretical saturation was achieved. Ultimately, 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals who possessed both academic and practical experience relevant to the topic. Results: The analysis revealed six key factors influencing the development of sports fan engagement through Metaverse capabilities: interactional, emotional, technological, supportive, structural, and monitoring and evaluation dimensions. The study also identified specific challenges occurring at various stages of the engagement cycle. Moreover, the operational network for fan attraction was categorized into five strategic domains: governance, infrastructure, cultural, legal, and economic solutions. Conclusion: The results further indicated that the engagement cycle comprises five main stages: need creation, familiarization, experience building, repeatability, and sustainability. This cycle is supported by four essential pillars: infrastructure, regulations and policies, motivation, and cultural foundations. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_103306.html Introduction: The current research was designed with the aim of providing Designing an Optimization Model for Hybrid Jobs in Sports Organizations. Methods: The current research was one of the qualitative researches that was carried out in the field. The qualitative method used in this research was of the grand theory type. The participants in the present research included experts who are aware of the research topic. The participants in this research were selected using purposeful sampling and with the approach of choosing homogeneous sampling and at the same time observing the maximum diversity. This problem was formed until theoretical saturation was reached. Finally, 13 interviews were conducted in this regard. These people included experts who had full knowledge of the topic of the current research. In other words, from a scientific and practical point of view, he had valuable records in this regard. The data collection tool in the current research was a semi-structured interview. Factors affecting the optimization of hybrid jobs in sports organizations include audience awareness, redefinition of jobs, training and empowerment, documentation and culturalization play an important role in improving the quality and quantity of hybrid jobs in sports organizations. Results: The results of the model also showed that paying attention to the necessary platforms, influencing factors, as well as quantitative and qualitative improvement can be the basis for dynamic continuous improvement, including employment performance, job performance, and financial performance. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_103511.html Introduction: This study aimed to structurally analyze the factors influencing the long-term development of athletes in Iraq using structural equation modeling (SEM). Methods: This applied study employed a descriptive-survey design of an analytical nature. The participants consisted of grassroots to professional-level coaches, elite athletes, sport administrators and experts, and university faculty members in physical education and sport sciences in Iraq. Using purposive sampling, 187 individuals were selected as a sample. The research instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 24 and SmartPLS 3. Results: Structural model analysis showed that Active Start and Sport Motivation significantly influenced Fundamental Sport. Fundamental Sport significantly predicted Practice for Practice, Practice for Competition and Educational Sport. Practice for Practice and Practice for Competition also significantly influenced Educational Sport. Educational Sport significantly affected Sustainable Development, which in turn had a significant impact on Competitive Sport, Professional Sport, and Performance Evaluation. Competitive Sport significantly influenced Athlete Support and Development and Performance Evaluation, while Professional Sport had significant effects on both Athlete Support and Development and Performance Evaluation. Moreover, Athlete Support and Development significantly predicted Long-Term Athlete Development, which itself significantly influenced Sports for All and Performance Evaluation. Conclusion: The findings indicate that long-term athlete development is a multi-stage, structured process rooted in motivational, educational, technical, and systemic linkages. Therefore, strengthening the initial stages through precise policymaking, comprehensive support, and continuous evaluation can lead to sustained success at competitive and professional levels, ultimately promoting public health through sports for all. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_103933.html Success in managing these sports organizations and overcoming challenges can only be achieved through proper and systematic planning. The aims of this study is to investigate how clubs perceive the challenges by the strategic planning and to answer the question of which strategies are desirable for the development of the sports clubs in The Sultanate Of Oman by determining the SWAT analysis of these clubs (Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats). The Statistical population included board members of the sport clubs, members, officials, coaches, players, technical and employees in the ministry of culture, sports and youth, total of (334) people. To collect the data, a questionnaire was made after identifying the most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and approved by a group of experts in the field. In order to analyze data, descriptive statistics, Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix, External Factor Evaluation (EFE) Matrix and SWOT matrix were used. The results showed that the strategic position of the sports clubs in The Sultanate Of Oman is in WO region, which shows that weaknesses overcome strengths and opportunities overcome threats. Therefore, conservative strategies should be used. Analyses determined (3) SO strategies, (4) WO strategies, (2) ST strategies and (2) WT strategy, total of (11) strategies. Issuing the investment law in the sports sector and strengthening the partnership between the private sector and sports clubs through marketing and sponsoring community activities, programs and initiatives should be considered by the policymakers. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_103955.html Introduction: Iran's football industry faces unprecedented financial challenges, including 80% reliance on government funding, 42% inflation, international sanctions, and a lack of long-term planning. These factors threaten the financial resilience of Iran Pro League clubs, necessitating an analysis of key drivers and future scenario development. Methods This mixed-methods study combined qualitative and quantitative approaches. Semi-structured interviews with 20 experts identified 15 key components. A questionnaire based on these components was distributed to 150 financial managers and specialists. Data were analyzed using Smart-PLS 4 (structural equation modeling) and MICMAC analysis for scenario development via Scenario Wizard. Results: Analysis of this study identified three key factors of financial resilience: revenue flexibility (reducing 80% dependence on government resources through digital revenue generation), cost agility (20% cost reduction through logistics optimization and flexible contracts), and transparency and crisis planning. Scenario analysis showed that simultaneous improvement of these factors increases resilience by up to 40% even under sanctions. Practical solutions include creating a digital platform (NFT and exclusive streaming), developing financial transparency standards, and implementing smart cost management systems. Conclusion: Financial resilience requires reducing government dependence through innovative revenue streams, strengthening corporate governance, and tripartite coordination among the government, private sector, and clubs. Immediate implementation of digital solutions and manager training in technology-driven financial tools can mitigate the current crisis. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_103956.html Introduction: Gender equity in decision-making structures is a key indicator of sustainable development and a reflection of a society's level of social maturity. Accordingly, this study aimed to analyze the barriers to women's participation in senior sports management. Methods: This research is quantitative and applied in nature. The study participants consisted of 14 female experts in sports management, selected through purposive and convenience sampling. Data were collected using a matrix questionnaire, which was developed based on a prior qualitative study employing thematic analysis. The questionnaire’s validity was confirmed through expert evaluation. Reliability was assessed using the test-retest method and the instability index, indicating acceptable consistency in expert judgments. The DEMATEL method was utilized for data analysis, and all procedures were conducted using Excel software. Results: The results identified the following causal barriers: Technological transformation of societies and industrial development, Male dominance in managerial positions, A patriarchal educational system, and Personal interpretation of religion. Meanwhile, the consequential barriers were: Economic and social development, The subordinate position of women, The weakness of the system in appointing women to managerial positions, and Weak socio-cultural foundations. Conclusion: The findings indicated that economic and social barriers have the greatest impact on women's participation in senior sports management. To address these challenges, it is recommended that targeted financial support, gender quota policies, cultural awareness programs, supportive networks, transparent promotion processes, and the use of technology to enhance gender equity be implemented. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_104227.html Introduction: In elite sport, good governance is widely recognized as a foundation for legitimacy, effectiveness, and sustainable development. Within the context of Iranian sport, persistent issues such as centralized decision-making, insufficient transparency, weak institutional accountability, and limited stakeholder engagement have underscored the urgency of governance reform. This study aimed to identify and prioritize the core structural elements of good governance in Iran's elite sport using an exploratory sequential mixed-methods approach. Methods: In the qualitative phase, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 19 experts in sport governance and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-step thematic analysis model. In the quantitative phase, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied using Expert Choice software to determine the relative weight of governance components. The same experts participated in both phases. Results: The thematic analysis revealed ten essential governance elements: transparency, accountability, stakeholder participation, rule of law, responsibility, anti-corruption, independent monitoring and evaluation, efficiency, ethical conduct, and equitable resource distribution. The AHP results ranked transparency (0.103), accountability (0.109), and stakeholder participation (0.124) as the top priorities. The consistency ratio (CR) for all pairwise comparisons was below 0.1, indicating strong reliability. Conclusion: The findings highlight that achieving effective governance in elite sport in Iran requires prioritizing participatory, transparent, and accountable mechanisms. Strengthening these core elements can enhance organizational legitimacy, optimize decision-making processes, and align governance practices with international standards. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_104300.html Introduction: The purpose of this research is to analyze the role of media literacy on athletes' cultural consumption, considering their experience and level of championship. Methods: The research method was a mixed type (quantitative and qualitative). In the qualitative part, the Delphi method was used to identify the dimensions of cultural consumption and prepare a questionnaire, and the standard philosophical questionnaire (2014) was used to measure media literacy. To confirm validity, the convergent validity index was used, and to confirm reliability, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient test was used, which were approved. The statistical population in the qualitative section included 19 university professors and experts related to the research topic, and in the quantitative section, all athletes aged 15 to 35 with at least five years of sports experience. The samples were selected based on the Cochran table, with a total of 384 people. Central index statistics were used to describe the data, and correlation coefficient, comparison of means, and path analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: Both media literacy sections, with an average of 3.30 and cultural consumption, with an average of 3.10, were above average. The role of media literacy on cultural consumption has the highest impact among international athletes with a correlation coefficient of 0.633 and the lowest impact among local athletes with a correlation coefficient of 0.310. Conclusion: Media literacy affects athletes' cultural consumption, and with increasing media literacy, their cultural consumption also increases. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_104334.html Introduction: The development of sports infrastructure plays a crucial role in enhancing the country’s sporting capabilities. Considering the government’s economic constraints, harnessing donor support can provide essential financial resources and expedite the development process. Accordingly, this study aims to identify a paradigmatic model for leveraging donor capacity in the development of sports infrastructure in the country. Methods: This fundamental study adopts a qualitative approach, employing Strauss and Corbin’s grounded theory methodology. The research population included sports experts, managers, and donors active in the sports sector. Participants were selected through purposive and snowball sampling, with theoretical saturation reached after 23 interviews. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding. The validity and reliability of the study were assessed using credibility, transferability, confirmability, and test-retest methods Results Analysis of the interviews yielded 158 open codes, which were organized into five main categories: causal conditions (internal and external factors), contextual factors (environmental and institutional frameworks), intervening factors (organizational factors and donor limitations), strategies (interactive, supportive, cultural/promotional, and operational/guiding strategies), and outcomes (economic, social, health, and sports development). Conclusion: The findings indicate that donor participation in sports infrastructure development is influenced by individual, contextual, and organizational factors. Through the implementation of various strategies, such participation can lead to significant economic, social, health, and sporting outcomes. The primary contribution of this study is the development of a comprehensive, context-specific model for leveraging donor capacity, addressing a notable gap in the existing literature. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_104351.html Introduction: The present study is descriptive-analytical in nature and aims to examine the safety and security status of the 2024 Pahlavani Wrestling World Championships. Methods: The statistical population of the study consisted of all wrestlers and technical staff participating in the 2023 World Pahlavani Wrestling Championships hosted in Tabriz, who were selected through a convenience sampling method. The tool used in this research was a researcher-designed questionnaire on event safety and security, employing a five-point Likert scale. The face and content validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by experts in sports management. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed and validated using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. The data obtained from 62 completed questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS version 27 and Smart PLS version 3 to identify the factors influencing the safety and security of this sporting event. Results: The results showed that five factors were effective in ensuring the safety and security of the championships: crowd management, environmental and equipment safety, technology, technical management, and security measures. Among these, technology had the greatest impact, with a correlation coefficient of 0.474. Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to event safety and security. Paying attention to these factors will not only help ensure the successful hosting of competitions but also pave the way for future hosting opportunities and elevate the status of this ancient sport on the international stage. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_104392.html Introduction: Today, artificial intelligence is employed as a symbol of technology in many sciences and industries. However, the employment of this innovative instrument in any country requires attention to the necessary prerequisites in that region to ensure optimal productivity in various industrial and commercial fields. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to develop a framework for the application of artificial intelligence in sports management in Iran and to examine the necessary prerequisites in that domain. Methods: This study is qualitative and exploratory, conducted using grounded theory and a Glaser approach. The total population of the research includes experts in the field of technology development and information in the field of sports within the Ministry of Sports and Youth and its subsidiaries across the provinces of the country, as well as public universities in Iran. The interviewees (N=15) were purposefully selected and responded to in-depth interviews. Results: The results obtained from the coding and analysis of the interviews included 88 open codes, 23 subcategories, and 4 main categories, resulting in the development of a hierarchical four-dimensional model for the application of artificial intelligence in sports management in Iran. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results application of the conceptual framework of this research can significantly contribute to the advancement of artificial intelligence applications in Iran's sports management and its related organizations and athletic clubs. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_104602.html Introduction: Despite the growth of technological startups, research on the role of economics and markets in sports startups in Iran is limited. Therefore, the present study studies the role of the market and economic factors in the formation of the sports startup ecosystem in Iran. Methods: The nature of the research is qualitative and exploratory. To collect data, interviews were conducted with 16 experts in the field of entrepreneurship and sports startups, from the founders of sports startups, managers of science and technology parks and growth centers, university professors and elites in the field of sports entrepreneurship. Sampling was purposeful and snowball. Then the data was analyzed by thematic analysis method. Results: The results indicated that the market factor influences the sports start-up ecosystem via market policies, market capabilities, market capacity and opportunities and market orientation. Conclusion: This study highlights that the policies adopted by sports start-ups regarding the market knowledge, and market orientation, along with the acquisition of market capabilities, can enhance their technical and team capabilities, ensuring their survival and success. The findings showed that the market and its dynamics are the main factors in the sports startup ecosystem. The findings also show that the lack of economic stability in Iran is one of the main challenges and concerns of sports startups. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_104713.html Introduction: The present study was designed with the aim of presenting a model for developing knowledge-based experiential writing in Iranian sports organizations. Methods: The present study was a qualitative research that was implemented in the field. The qualitative method used in the present study was of the grounded theory type. The participants in the present study included experts who were aware of the research topic. The participants in this study were selected using purposive sampling and with a homogeneous sampling approach while observing maximum diversity. This issue was shaped until theoretical saturation was reached. Finally, 13 interviews were conducted in this regard. These individuals included experts who were fully familiar with the subject of the present study. In other words, they had valuable background in this regard from a scientific and practical perspective. The data collection tool in the present study was a semi-structured interview. Results: The results showed that the experiential writing cycle includes identifying and determining knowledge needs and experiences, collecting knowledge and experiences, organizing and classifying experiences, analyzing and evaluating experiences, sharing and disseminating experiences, applying and implementing experiences, and reviewing and updating knowledge. Conclusion: The results also showed that the effective factors for promoting knowledge-based experiential writing in Iranian sports organizations include 9 factors, which include social, cultural, managerial, supra-organizational, legal, educational, psychological, communication, and technological factors. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_104952.html Introduction: This study aims to design a comprehensive management model tailored to the Iraqi national para fencing team to foster sustained international success. Methods: This applied research employed a qualitative methodology based on the grounded theory approach by Strauss and Corbin. Using a descriptive-survey design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 14 purposively selected participants, including officials from the Iraqi Fencing Federation, professional coaches, and national Para fencers. The reliability of the coding process, measured by test-retest agreement percentage, reached 87%. Results: The research findings included: Causal Conditions (lack of technological infrastructure and hardware facilities, inefficiency of the governance and strategic management system, lack of specialized human resources, and lack of sustainable financing); Contextual Factors: internal security conditions, government macro policies, economic conditions and financial support status, lack of institutional support, challenges to development and improvement of athletes' performance); Intervening Conditions (weakness in governance and institutional support, promising capacities and areas for transformation); Strategies (attracting specialized human resources, providing and developing resources, support and advocacy, training and empowerment, improving infrastructure and technology, technical development, strategic planning and management, financial development); Consequences (improving health and mental health, technical and managerial promotion). Conclusion: The findings underscore that success in Paralympic sports extends beyond individual athletic talent. It critically depends on a coherent and efficient management system capable of transforming existing challenges into opportunities through meticulous planning and strategic action. The proposed model provides a framework for achieving sustainable success for the Iraqi National Para Fencing Team. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_105021.html The development and expansion of standard sports spaces plays a vital role in increasing student participation, nurturing sports talents, and promoting a healthy and active lifestyle. This study aims to identify factors influencing the effectiveness and efficiency of the Martyr Sardar Soleimani plan, which includes the design and optimization of 2,100 sports spaces in the national education system. The research is applied, and data were collected through a mixed (qualitative and quantitative) field study. In the qualitative section, thematic analysis and semi‑structured interviews were conducted with 15 experts, while in the quantitative section, 423 project implementers were selected as the sample. The researcher‑made questionnaire had confirmed face and content validity by 10 sports management professors and high reliability (α = 0.95). Data analysis was performed using Smart PLS4 and SPSS26 software. Initially, a semi‑structured four‑question tool was developed and refined through a two‑stage fuzzy Delphi process, resulting in 63 finalized questions categorized into six groups. The findings indicated that, for effectiveness, the priorities were student‑centered, school‑centered, organization‑centered, standardization‑centered, community‑centered, and teacher‑centered. Regarding efficiency, the most influential factors were community‑centered, standardization‑centered, teacher‑centered, school‑centered, student‑centered, and organization‑centered. The identified factors were presented as strategies to enhance the plan’s effectiveness and efficiency. Overall, continuous monitoring, sustainable financial allocation, and the use of internal and external capacities are essential to fulfilling the goals of the Fundamental Transformation Document and achieving sustainable development of student sports spaces. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_105022.html Introduction: This study aimed to identify and analyze of factors influencing the retention of youth sports coaches. Methods: The research utilized a sequential mixed-methods approach (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conduct with 19 puroposefully selected participants, including experts, club managers, and youth coaches. The data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. In the quantitative phase, 10 participants from the qualitative phase were selected through judgmental sampling, and the data were analyzed using the DEMATEL technique. Results: Qualitative findings resulted in the extraction of 60 initial concepts categorized into 16 sub-themes, including Financial support, Contract transparency for coaches, Flexibility in coaches’ contracts, Investors, Charitable contributions, Receiving player development compensation by the coach, Stakeholder expectation management and patience, Formal recognition of coaching as a profession, Creating conditions for career development and advancement, Coach visibility, Passion for coaching, Ensuring personal privacy, Provision of supplementary facilities, Club commercial identity, Enhancing coach motivation & Socio-cultural support. Quantitative analysis revealed that the most influential factors, in order of significance, were Financial support, Formal recognition of coaching as a profession, Club commercial identity, Coach visibility, Creating conditions for career development and advancement, Contract transparency for coaches, Investors, and Enhancing coach motivation. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it is recommended that sports managers and policymakers establish an equitable financial support system, formalize the coaching profession through defined career pathways, and strengthen club identities. Although these strategies are proposed within the context of youth coaches, they can also be generalized to other levels of sports. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_105555.html Introduction: The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of low-participating students in physical education and to identify the factors that contributed to changes in their participation patterns. Methods: This study adopted a qualitative design, and the data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke’s six-phase framework (2006; 2019). The study population consisted of female lower secondary school students in Rasht who initially showed limited participation in physical education classes but later experienced a transition toward active participation. Using purposive sampling, 21 students were selected and participated in semi-structured interviews. To enhance trustworthiness, participant checking, peer debriefing, and rich, contextualized descriptions were employed. Results: Five themes (14 subthemes) described a multifaceted change process. Individual/psychological factors—gains in self-confidence, perceived competence, and shifts in attitudes toward PE—helped students re-enter activities. Educational/environmental conditions—supportive, game-based teaching, activity variety, and adequate facilities—lowered barriers. Social and interpersonal support from peers, teachers, and families fostered belonging and persistence. Psychosocial outcomes (stress relief, enjoyment, role acceptance) reinforced engagement. Finally, innovations and alternative participation—gamification and non-physical roles (refereeing, team management, assistant coaching)—provided inclusive pathways. Conclusion: Participation among previously non-participating students results from an interplay of psychological, educational, social, and environmental conditions. Compulsion is insufficient; diversifying opportunities, strengthening teacher and peer support, protecting time and resources for PE, and offering structured alternative roles can attract and retain students. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_105556.html Introduction: One of the key stages in the development of young footballers is the transition from grassroots levels to senior and elite teams. Although some players manage to join first teams, only a few become key players, highlighting the difficulties and complexities of this pathway. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the challenges faced by football players transitioning from grassroots to elite levels from the perspective of coaches. Methods: This research employs a qualitative methodology, with participants selected purposefully using snowball sampling. Ultimately, 13 grassroots football coaches were chosen as the research sample. Data collection was conducted through interviews; seven interviews were held in person and six were conducted via telephone. The interviews were semi-structured to allow all participants to share their rich and detailed experiences with the interviewer. Given the advantages of thematic analysis, such as flexibility, the ability to summarize large volumes of data, and assistance in policy development analysis, the researchers utilized thematic analysis for data interpretation. Results: Following the review of the interviews, an analysis was conducted. After initial coding, similar codes were categorized into sub-themes, and ultimately, the combination of these sub-themes formed the main themes, which included individual characteristics, interpersonal attributes, technical factors, structural elements, and policy challenges. Conclusion: The results indicate that success in navigating this stage depends on multiple factors, and special attention must be given to all these dimensions. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_105557.html Participation in sports during childhood—particularly for children living with disabilities—is far more than mere recreation or physical activity; it represents a valuable opportunity for psychological growth, improved quality of life, enhanced social connections, and the flourishing of individual capabilities. In line with this, the present study aimed to identify the key factors influencing parental social support in the sports participation of children with disabilities. To achieve this, a phenomenological research approach was employed. The study population consisted of all parents of children with disabilities in Tabriz who were engaged in sports activities. Due to the large number of potential participants, purposive sampling was used, and semi-structured interviews were conducted. After 18 interviews, no new information emerged, and data saturation was reached. All interview transcripts were analyzed and organized using thematic analysis and Maxqda2020 software. The final results revealed six main themes as the key factors influencing parental social support in the sports participation of children with disabilities.These identified themes include: (1) infrastructure and structural support, (2) the role of parents as facilitators, (3) education and cultural development, (4) social interactions and collective participation, (5) psychological and motivational impacts of participation, and (6) the type of sport and pattern of participation.To enable children with disabilities to participate actively and effectively in sports, it is essential that these factors be addressed in a coordinated and comprehensive manner within relevant programs and policies. Such an approach can play a critical role in fostering their growth, empowerment, and overall enhancement of quality of life. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_105594.html Introduction: Wearable technologies are smart electronic devices, electronic devices with micro-controllers that can be worn on the body as implants or accessories. Wearable technology such as activity trackers are the best examples of the Internet of Things, wearable technology has a variety of applications that grow as soon as their space is developed. Methods : The research method was qualitative and thematic analysis method. The statistical population of the present study was made up of athletes, both professional and amateur, who had a history of using sports wearable technologies for at least 4 years, which is important as people who have enough lived experience. The sampling method was purposeful. The statistical sample was determined according to the theoretical saturation of the researcher, and to ensure the theoretical saturation, three more samples were selected after the 15th sample (15+3). The tool of data collection was semi-structured interview, and the technique of coding and drawing the network of themes was used to analyze the data. Results: Was. Analysis of the findings in two dimensions of individual differences (income differences and access to sports wearable technology, providing feedback and satisfying needs, gender differences) and cultural differences (sports wearable technology: the necessity of sports today) , different cultural geography was divided in the type of use and development in sports and physical activity https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_105640.html Introduction: Co-creation is the development of relationships between customers and organizations to create value for the organization's brand and a common action between them to design to develop a new product. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of knowledge-oriented leadership and innovation on value brand co-creation in sports clubs Methods: This study was a descriptive-correlative type that was administered as a field study. The population of this study included all customers of sports clubs in Sistan and Baluchestan province. (un limited), that among them 384 persons selected by cluster sampling method. After determining validity and reliability, in order to data gathering use of knowledge-oriented leadership, innovation and value brand co-creation questionnaires. The data analyzed by method Partial Least Square Results: Findings indicated that knowledge-oriented leadership and innovation has a direct and significant impact on value brand co-creation of sports clubs Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, suggested to the managers and officials of organizations and sports clubs pay special attention to the development and promotion of knowledge-oriented leadership and innovation culture. These actions can lead to the improvement of value brand co-creation and the positive experience of athletes and customers in organizations, clubs and sports environments https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_105711.html Introduction: This study aimed to develop a volunteering management model for sports in Iraq according to qualitative approach. Methods: The present study was a qualitative exploratory study conducted in the field and was applied research in terms of purpose. In this research 14 sports managers in Iraq with a history of working with or employing volunteers and a 5-year management experience were purposively selected as samples. Based on the application of the grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin (1998), open, axial, and selective coding were used to extract research findings. Also, in this study, several strategies were implemented during the research process to ensure the rigor or trustworthiness of the research. Results: The results showed that the volunteering management model in Iraqi sports consists of several key elements. These include causal factors such as volunteer characteristics and motivations, procedures and policies, leadership and management, sport event features and time management for volunteer’s work. Contextual factors such as political and security conditions, traditional beliefs and perspectives, mismanagement, and existing limitations. Intervening factors include the structure of Iraqi society, social trust and cohesion, economic conditions, and legal issues. Finally, management strategies in the cultural, social, and legal realms, all of which impact individual, organizational, social, and cultural outcomes. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it is suggested that sports managers and officials in Iraq apply the research findings in future planning in the field of sports and thus contribute to better management of volunteers in sports organizations and events. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_105888.html Introduction: The main objective of this research was to identify and structurally analyze the key trends influencing the future of influencer-based marketing in the sports industry. Methods: In terms of its purpose, this is an applied research study conducted with a futures studies approach and an exploratory mixed-methods design. The statistical population consisted of 17 academic and professional elites from the sports industry, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and a Cross-Impact Matrix (Micmac) questionnaire, and were analyzed using thematic analysis and structural analysis. The findings from the thematic analysis led to the identification of 111 basic trends and 36 organizing trends, categorized into three groups: micro, macro, and emerging trends. Results: The structural analysis indicated that trends such as "data-driven decision-making," "growth of the creator economy in sports," and "platform integration" act as key drivers with the highest level of influence. Among these, trends like "the emergence of virtual and AI-based influencers," "automated content generation," and "focus on micro and nano-influencers" were identified as pivotal/linkage variables, forming the core of future transformations. Finally, trends such as "the application of NFTs and Web3" and "advanced content personalization" were identified as dependent variables and system outputs. Conclusion: The conclusion drawn from these findings indicates that the future of influencer marketing in sports is transitioning from a purely content-centric view to a systemic, data-driven, and technological paradigm. Strategic success requires focusing on fundamental drivers and intelligently managing pivotal, high-risk trends. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_106068.html Introduction: Given the growing importance of the digital marketing in sports and its role in developing professional clubs, this study aims to identify key factors influencing digital entrepreneurship in Iraqi football and to propose a localized conceptual model. Methods: This qualitative study employed grounded theory using Strauss and Corbin’s systematic approach. The study population comprised football club managers, university faculty, and sports startup practitioners in Iraq. Using purposive and snowball sampling, 17 semi-structured interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was reached. After transcription, the data were analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding. Results: The analysis yielded more than 340 open codes, 98 subcategories, and 25 main categories. Causal conditions included the expansion of digital infrastructure, changing fan consumption behaviors, innovative managerial motives, and the inadequacy of traditional revenue models. Contextual conditions encompassed growth in media literacy, widespread adoption of social media, the relative openness of the communication environment, and the fan community’s capacity for engagement. Intervening conditions—such as weak technical infrastructure, managerial instability, legal gaps, and public distrust—were identified as major barriers to digital development. The identified strategies comprised building club-level digital structures, media branding, data-driven marketing, fan engagement, and diversification of revenue streams. Key outcomes included financial autonomy, job creation, brand growth, an enhanced social role for clubs, and the professionalization of club management. Conclusion: The findings of this study can assist football managers and policymakers in Iraq in designing the path of digital transformation and achieving sustainable development in professional sports. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_106069.html Introduction: Considering the importance of sustainable revenue generation in sports clubs and its role in professional sports development, this study aimed to identify the factors influencing revenue generation in Iraqi karate clubs and propose a conceptual model. Methods: This qualitative research used the Grounded Theory approach of Strauss and Corbin. The study population included sport management professors, directors of the Departments of Sport and Youth, and karate club managers in Iraq. After reaching theoretical saturation, 19 participants were selected through purposive sampling. The data collection instrument was a semi-structured interview, transcribed, and analyzed in three stages: open, axial, and selective coding. Results: Data analysis resulted in the extraction of 332 open codes, 54 axial codes, and 29 selective categories. The causal factors included innovation, customer attraction, resource development, social interactions, and legal support. Contextual conditions such as infrastructure, economic support, marketing, human resources, and market conditions were found to be influential. Intervening factors included economic challenges, managerial weaknesses, cultural-political barriers, weak human resources, and limitations in marketing and services. The key strategies identified were organizing events, training, marketing, cooperation, and optimal use of facilities. The main outcomes included the development of karate, financial sustainability, skilled human resources, growth of the sports industry, improvement of national and international status, and enhanced sports management and participation. Conclusion: The findings can help karate club managers and sports policymakers in Iraq improve revenue generation through effective planning and the identified strategies, promoting the sustainable development of karate in the country. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_106111.html A Systematic Review of Research Hotspots and Trends in Professional-Elite Women's Sport: A Bibliometric Analysis This scientometric study analyzes 1,637 articles from the Scopus database (1979–2025) to examine the evolution of research in professional and elite women's sport, mapping global trends, identifying key players, and highlighting thematic priorities. Findings indicate a significant increase in annual publications, rising from an average of 2–18 articles in the 1980s-90s to 169 articles in 2024. The United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom are the primary contributors. Key research themes have evolved from foundational topics like athletic performance, ACL injury prevention, biomechanics, and gender-specific physiology (e.g., the menstrual cycle) to a recent focus on nutritional strategies and mental health since 2020. Despite publication growth, citation rates have declined, likely due to the novelty of recent studies, while highly cited articles focus on physiological demands and eating disorders. This analysis confirms a transition towards interdisciplinary approaches but reveals significant gaps in geographical diversity and funding. It underscores the need for international collaboration, equitable resource allocation, and targeted research to advance gender equity in sports science. The findings provide a foundation for policymakers and researchers to prioritize future research effectively and equitably.for policymakers and researchers to prioritize future research more effectively and equitably. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_106112.html The aim of this research was to present a model of the positive consequences of sports tourism development in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The research method used was qualitative, based on the grounded theory method. The statistical population of the research included faculty members, managers, and experts in the fields of sports and tourism. Through purposive sampling, data from 19 interviews (semi-structured) were collected and analyzed. Data coding was based on three coding stages following Glaser's logic. Reliability was determined by the inter-coder agreement coefficient method (three interviews) to be 87 percent. The results showed that 90 initial non-repeating codes were created in the open coding stage. The codes were arranged into 12 core codes based on thematic similarity and finally 4 selected codes. These codes were: fundamental development (including cultural, social, and political aspects); environmental development (including environmental, structural, and infrastructural aspects); economic development (including income generation, investment, employment generation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth); and specific development (including sports, tourism, and strengthening the provincial brand). Using the model of this research can help provincial managers better understand sports tourism and its positive consequences. It seems that the prerequisite for the development of sports tourism in this province is the positive attitude and determination of provincial managers in this field. In this regard, it is proposed to form a sports tourism development working group in the province with the presence of relevant organizations under the management of the governorate. It https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_106127.html With the expansion of digital technologies,esports has emerged as a prominent phenomenon in the fields of sport and entertainment.The development of this sector requires the identification of influencing factors within a structured and systematic framework.Accordingly,The purpose of the present study was to develop a model for the development of esports in Iran with an emphasis on the role of stakeholders.This study adopted a quantitative approach and was descriptive–survey in nature.In terms of purpose, it was an applied research.The statistical population consisted of various stakeholder groups active in the esports domain, including individuals with managerial and executive experience in the Ministry of Sport, esports federations and associations, researchers, media professionals, sponsors, and technology-based companies.A disproportionate quota sampling method was employed, and data were collected from 119 respondents using the standardized questionnaire developed by Ensan et al.(2026). To examine and validate the proposed esports development model with an emphasis on stakeholders, structural equation modeling based on the partial least squares approach was applied using PLS software.he results of the structural equation modeling indicated that all dimensions of the esports development model in Iran were statistically significant and valid.Specifically stakeholder development(β=0.92),economic development(β=0.88), educational development(β=0.88),effective management(β=0.80),cultural development and socialization(β=0.75),and infrastructure development(β=0.73), had significant effects on the development of esports.The findings indicate that the development of esports in Iran is a stakeholder-oriented and structural process that cannot be achieved without integrated policymaking and institutional coordination.Therefore, the proposed model can serve as a framework for designing national policies and programs aimed at the development of esports.