Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: With the increase in the presence of tourists in tourist areas, there are expected to be potential threats to the natural habitat. For this reason, finding ways to increase the number of tourists with responsible behavior has become a very important concern to maximize the sustainability of tourism. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of destination attractiveness on the environmentally responsible behavior of climbers with the mediating role of place attachment.
Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study applied in terms of objective, descriptive correlation in terms of method and survey in data collection. The study's statistical population was all mountain climbers at the peak of Tal Anbar in 2022. Klin's theory (2014) was used to estimate the sample size due to the uncertainty of the number of the statistical population. The research tool was three standard questionnaires of destination attractiveness, environmentally responsible behavior, and attachment to the place Cheng et al. (2013). The face and content validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by experts and reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability indices. A total of 203 respondents answered the questionnaires perfectly and in an available manner. Structural equation modeling including confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis was used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that all the relationships between the variables of the research model are significant at the confidence level of 0.99 and all the relationships between the variables of the model were confirmed. Also, the findings of the research indicate that more than 49% of the attractiveness of the destination on responsible environmental behavior is explained through indirect and variable attachment to the place.
Conclusion: According to the results, it can be stated that creating more environmental awareness among tourists and inducing environmentally responsible behavior is a necessary prerequisite for tourism.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Abaszadeh, M., Banifatemeh, H., Alizadehaghdam, M.B., & Alavi, L. (2016). Study of Intervening Effect of Environmental Responsible Attitude on the Relationship of between Place Attachment and Environmental Responsible Behavior. Journal of Applied Sociology, 62(2), 61-80. (In Persian). https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_20491.html?lang=en.
- Afrakhteh, H., Alizadeh. S.D., Rezaei, A., & Alizadeh, P. (2013). Evaluation of Attractiveness and Competitiveness in Tourism Location using TDCA Model (Case Study: Koohsangi Park of Mashhad). Motaleate Shahri, 1(3), 58-67. https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_2758.html?lang=e
- Afroz, S., & Jafarnia, Gh. (2018). The effect of environmental attitudes on environmental behaviors (Study: Residents of Tehran. Journal of Regional Planning, 8(30), 115-126. https://jzpm.marvdasht.iau.ir/article_2919.html?lang=en.
- Anton, C. E., & Lawrence, C. (2016). The relationship between place attachment, the theory of planned behaviour and residents’ response to place change. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 47, 145-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.05.010
- Armstrong, A., & Stedman, R. C. (2019). Understanding local environmental concern: the importance of place. Rural Sociology, 84(1), 93-122. https://doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12215
- Asadi, M., & Mehrabi, M. (2018). Studying the Background and Social Factors Influencing the Environmental Behavior of Bandar Abbasi Residents. Journal Hormozgan Cultural Research Review, 10(15), 118-134. (In Persian). https://rdch.ir/article-1-243-fa.html.
- Bagherzadeh, M., Talebi, S & Rostgar, A. (2016). Investigating factors affecting environmental behaviors among students of nursing, health and paramedical faculties in the south of Fars province. Master's thesis, Payam Noor University, Shiraz (In Persian).
- Bagherzadeh, M., Talebi, S., & Rasjghar, A. (2016). The Relationship between Lifestyle and Environmental Behavior of Citizens of Shiraz City. Quarterly Journal of Social Development, 13(4), 1-30. (In Persian). https://qjsd.scu.ac.ir/article_14882.html?lang=en
- Budruk, M., Thomas, H., & Tyrrell, T. (2009). Urban green spaces: A study of place attachment and environmental attitudes in India. Society and Natural Resources, 22(9), 824-839. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920802628515
- Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism management, 21(1), 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00095-3.
- Burton, R. J. (2014). The influence of farmer demographic characteristics on environmental behaviour: A review. Journal of environmental management, 135, 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.005
- Buta, N., Holland, S. M., & Kaplanidou, K. (2014). Local communities and protected areas: The mediating role of place attachment for pro-environmental civic engagement. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 5, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2014.01.00
- Chan, S., Utami, S., & Aprilia, C. (2020). The Role of Place Attachment as a Mediator in the Effect of Destination Attractiveness on Environmentally Responsible Behavior in National Tourism Parks. Proceedings of AICS-Social Sciences, 10, 24-31. https://jurnal.usk.ac.id/AICSSocial/article/view/19946
- Cheng, T. M., & Wu, H. C. (2015). How do environmental knowledge, environmental sensitivity, and place attachment affect environmentally responsible behavior? An integrated approach for sustainable island tourism. Journal of Sustainable tourism, 23(4), 557-576. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.965177
- Cheng, T. M., C. Wu, H., & Huang, L. M. (2013). The influence of place attachment on the relationship between destination attractiveness and environmentally responsible behavior for island tourism in Penghu, Taiwan. Journal of Sustainable tourism, 21(8), 1166-1187. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.750329
- Cheng, TE., Li, S., Zhang, H., & Cao, M. (2021). Examining the Antecedents of Environmentally Responsible Behaviour: Relationships among Service Quality, Place Attachment and Environmentally Responsible Behaviour. Sustainability, 13(18), 10297. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810297
- Chiu, Y. T. H., Lee, W. I., & Chen, T. H. (2014). Environmentally responsible behavior in ecotourism: Exploring the role of destination image and value perception. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(8), 876-889. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2013.818048
- Cho, V. (2008). Linking location attractiveness and tourist intention. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(3), 220-224. https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fthr.2008.20
- Ćulić, M., Vujičić, M. D., Kalinić, Č., Dunjić, M., Stankov, U., Kovačić, S., ... & Anđelković, Ž. (2021). Rookie Tourism Destinations—The Effects of Attractiveness Factors on Destination Image and Revisit Intention with the Satisfaction Mediation Effect. Sustainability, 13(11), 5780. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115780
- Dastras, F., & Khajenoori, B., (2019). The Relationship between Lifestyle and Environmental Behavior of Citizens of Shiraz City. Quarterly Journal of Socail Development, 13(4), 1-30. (In Persian). https://qjsd.scu.ac.ir/article_14882.html
- De Dominicis, S., Fornara, F., Cancellieri, U. G., Twigger-Ross, C., & Bonaiuto, M. (2015). We are at risk, and so what? Place attachment, environmental risk perceptions and preventive coping behaviours. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 43, 66-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.05.010
- Devine-Wright, P., & Clayton, S. (2010). Introduction to the special issue: Place, identity and environmental behaviour. Journal of Environmental psychology, 30(3), 267-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(10)00078-2
- Dwyer, L., & Kim, C. (2003). Destination competitiveness: determinants and indicators. Current issues in tourism, 6(5), 369-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500308667962
- Fazli, S., & Samadi, M. (2021), Explaining the Effective Factors on the Attractiveness of Urban Tourism Destinations Case Study: Tehran Metropolis. Journal of Urban Tourism, 8(2), 97-111. (In Persian). https://jut.ut.ac.ir/article_83916.html?lang=en.
- Formica, S., & Uysal, M. (2006). Destination attractiveness based on supply and demand evaluations: An analytical framework. Journal of Travel Research, 44(4), 418-430. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0047287506286714
- Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F. (1981) Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
- Forotankia, Sh., Rezadoust, K., Porterkaroni, M., and Heydari, A. (2019). Investigating the role of the media in shaping citizens' environmental attitudes and behaviors (case study: Ahvaz urban society). Media and citizenship education seminar, Tehran. 83-94. (In Persian). https://civilica.com/doc/299856.
- FortanKia, Sh., & Navah, A. (2017). Sociology of environment. Tehran, Andisheh Ehsan Publishing. (In Persian). https://www.adinehbook.com/gp/product/6009787416.
- Fuchs, M., & Weiermair, K. (2003). New perspectives of satisfaction research in tourism destinations. Tourism review, 58(3), 6-14. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058411
- Gosling, E., & Williams, K. J. (2010). Connectedness to nature, place attachment and conservation behaviour: Testing connectedness theory among farmers. Journal of environmental psychology, 30(3), 298-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.01.005.
- Gunn, C. A. (2014). Vacationscape: Developing tourist areas. Available online: (accessedon 30 ) anuary. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315820316
- Habibian, B., & Hataminejad, H. (2020). Explaining the effectiveness of urban neighborhoods vitality among place attachment dimensions, Case study: Ahvaz city. MJSP, 24(1), 151-182 (In Persian). http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-28152-fa.html
- Hadafi, F., & Sarrafi Nik, A. (2022). The Relationship of Environmental Perception with attachment to place and their effecta on pro-envionmental behaviors. Geographical Urban Planning Research, 10(2), 93-114. (In Persian). https://jurbangeo.ut.ac.ir/article_85697.html?lang=en
- Haghighatian, M. (2014). Environmental Behavior of the Residents of the city of Esfahan and the Effects of selected variables in it. Urnan Regional Studies and Reseratch, 6(23), 133-144. (In Persian). https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20116.html?lang=en
- Han, J. H., Kim, J. S., Lee, C. K., & Kim, N. (2019). Role of place attachment dimensions in tourists’ decision-making process in Cittáslow. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 11, 108-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.12.008
- Hashas, M. H. (2004). Residents' attachment to new urbanist versus conventional suburban developments. North Carolina State University. https://www.proquest.com/openview/53c92dfc0338f454223709505b46c668/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
- Henkel, R., Henkel, P., Agrusa, W., Agrusa, J., & Tanner, J. (2006). Thailand as a tourist destination: Perceptions of international visitors and Thai residents. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 11(3), 269-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941660600753299-
- Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In New challenges to international marketing. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 277-319. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014
- Hou, J. S., Lin, C. H., & Morais, D. B. (2005). Antecedents of attachment to a cultural tourism destination: The case of Hakka and non-Hakka Taiwanese visitors to Pei-Pu, Taiwan. Journal of Travel Research, 44(2), 221-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505278988
- Jansen, S. J. (2020). Place attachment, distress, risk perception and coping in a case of earthquakes in the Netherlands. Journal of housing and the built environment, 35(2), 407-427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-019-09706-7
- Japutra, A. (2020). The relations among attachment styles, destination attachment and destination satisfaction. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(3), 270-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1639640
- Jiang, F., Yuen, K. K. R., Lee, E. W. M., & Ma, J. (2020). Analysis of run-off-road accidents by association rule mining and geographic information system techniques on imbalanced datasets. Sustainability, 12(12), 4882. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124882.
- Johnstone, M. L. (2012). The servicescape: The social dimensions of place. Journal of Marketing Management, 28(11-12), 1399-1418. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2012.694370
- Junot, A., Paquet, Y., & Fenouillet, F. (2018). Place attachment influence on human well‐being and general pro‐environmental behaviors. Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology, 2(2), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts5.18
- KaramiDarabkhani, R., Hejazi, S.Y., Hoseyni, S.M., & Rezayi, A.M. (2017). Investigating the effective factors on environmental behavior of environmental NGOs members in Tehran Province. Journal of Environmental Studies, 43(1), 17-30. (In Persian). https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_62057.html?lang=en
- Kim, D., & Perdue, R. R. (2011). The influence of image on destination attractiveness. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(3), 225-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.562850
- Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. B., & McCormick, B. (2012). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel research, 51(1), 12-25. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0047287510385467
- Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315788135
- Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior?. Environmental education research, 8(3), 239-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620220145401
- Krajhanzl, J. (2010). Environmental and proenvironmental behavior. School and health, 21(1), 251-274. https://www.ped.muni.cz/z21/knihy/2011/36/36/texty/eng/krajhanzl.pdf
- Krešić, D., & Prebežac, D. (2011). Index of destination attractiveness as a tool for destination attractiveness assessment. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 59(4), 497-517. https://hrcak.srce.hr/75744
- Kudryavtsev, A., Krasny, M. E., & Stedman, R. C. (2012). The impact of environmental education on sense of place among urban youth. Ecosphere, 3(4), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES11-00318.1
- Kuo, H. M., Su, J. Y., Wang, C. H., Kiatsakared, P., & Chen, K. Y. (2021). Place attachment and environmentally responsible behavior: The mediating role of destination psychological ownership. Sustainability, 13(12), 6809. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126809
- Li, Q., Li, X., Chen, W., Su, X., & Yu, R. (2023). Involvement, place attachment, and environmentally responsible behaviour connected with geographical indication products. Tourism Geographies, 25(1), 44-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1826569
- Li, T., Liao, C., Law, R., & Zhang, M. (2023). An Integrated Model of Destination Attractiveness and Tourists’ Environmentally Responsible Behavior: The Mediating Effect of Place Attachment. Behavioral Sciences, 13(3), 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030264
- Line, N. D., & Hanks, L. (2019). Boredom-induced switching behavior in the restaurant industry: the mediating role of attachment. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 43(1), 101-119. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1096348018762579
- Lo, Y. L., Lee, M. Y. K., Cheung, L. T. O., & Ma, A. T. H. (2021). Place attachment and political orientation: The case of localists in Hong Kong. Asian Journal of Social Science, 49(2), 76-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajss.2020.11.003.
- Ma, E., Hsiao, A., & Gao, J. (2018). Destination attractiveness and travel intention: The case of Chinese and Indian students in Queensland, Australia. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(2), 200-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1411964
- Maguire, B., & Klinkenberg, B. (2018). Visualization of place attachment. Applied Geography, 99, 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.07.007
- Mahmod, S., Alam, M. S., & Das, S. (2020). Factors affecting tourists’ satisfaction: An empirical study on Rangamati as a tourism destination. Hospitality & Tourism Review, 1(1), 35-47. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3835243
- Manzo, L., & Devine-Wright, P. (2013). Place attachment: Advances in theory, methods and applications. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203757765
- Markowski, J., Bartos, M., Rzenca, A., & Namiecinski, P. (2019). An evaluation of destination attractiveness for nature-based tourism: Recommendations for the management of national parks in Vietnam. Nature Conservation, 32, 51-80. doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.32.30753
- Miller, D., Merrilees, B., & Coghlan, A. (2015). Sustainable urban tourism: Understanding and developing visitor pro-environmental behaviours. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(1), 26-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.912219
- Moore, T. (2021). Planning for place: Place attachment and the founding of rural community land trusts. Journal of Rural Studies, 83, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.02.007.
- Morozov, M. A., & Morozova, N. S. (2016). Attractive tourist destinations as a factor of its development. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 7(1), 13. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=462297.
- Nadzirah, M., Yuhanis, A. A., Khairil, W. A., & Zaiton, S. (2020). Influence of destination attractiveness on place satisfaction and environmentally responsible behaviour in Marine Parks. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 15(1), 52-67. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20203185111
- Naeimi, A., Rezaei, R., & Mousapour, S.K. (2018). Analysis of Environmental Factors Affecting Environmental Conservation Behavior of Villagers in Baghmalek Township, Khuzestan Province. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 14(1), 1-22. (In Persian). https://www.iaeej.ir/article_68819.html?lang=en.
- Nasir, M., Mohamad, M., Ghani, N., & Afthanorhan, A. (2020). Testing mediation roles of place attachment and tourist satisfaction on destination attractiveness and destination loyalty relationship using phantom approach. Management Science Letters, 10(2), 443-454. DOI: 5267/j.msl.2019.8.026
- Parry, S., & Hassan, L. M. (2019). Understanding the relationship between smoking and place across multiple places through the lens of place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 62, 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.02.009
- Patwardhan, V., Ribeiro, M. A., Payini, V., Woosnam, K. M., Mallya, J., & Gopalakrishnan, P. (2020). Visitors’ place attachment and destination loyalty: Examining the roles of emotional solidarity and perceived safety. Journal of Travel Research, 59(1), 3-21. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0047287518824157
- Pirbabaei, M.T., Gharehbaglou, M & Alinam, Z. (2016). An investigation on the effects of individual factors in process-oriented study of place attachment with a cognitive psychological approach (Case study: The Gharebaghis' neighborhood of Tabriz). Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba, Memari and Shahrsazi, 21(2), 55-68. (In Persian). https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_60161.html?lang=en.
- Pratminingsih, S. A., Johan, A., & Salsabil, I. (2022). The effect of destination attractiveness on destination attachment and its impact on tourist sustainable behavior. Jurnal Siasat BIsnis, 222-234. https://journal.uii.ac.id/JSB/article/view/22387
- Prideaux, B. (2005). Factors affecting bilateral tourism flows. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), 780-801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.04.008
- Ramkissoon, H., & Mavondo, F. (2014). Proenvironmental behavior: The link between place attachment and place satisfaction. Tourism Analysis, 19(6), 673-688. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354214X14146846679286
- Ramkissoon, H., Smith, L. D. G., & Weiler, B. (2013). Testing the dimensionality of place attachment and its relationships with place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviours: A structural equation modelling approach. Tourism management, 36, 552-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.003
- Rashid, N. R. N. A., & Mohammad, N. (2012). A discussion of underlying theories explaining the spillover of environmentally friendly behavior phenomenon. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 50, 1061-1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.106
- Raymond, C. M., Kyttä, M., & Stedman, R. (2017). Sense of place, fast and slow: The potential contributions of affordance theory to sense of place. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1674. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01674/full.
- Reitsamer, B. F., Brunner-Sperdin, A., & Stokburger-Sauer, N. E. (2016). Destination attractiveness and destination attachment: The mediating role of tourists' attitude. Tourism Management Perspectives, 19, 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.05.003
- RezatabAzkami, S.Kh., & HeydariChianeh, R. (2015). An analysis on the attractiveness rate of tourist destinations (case study: mountainous areas of west Ghilan). The Conference on Land Arrangements, Caspian Position and Ghilan's Development Prospects, Bandar Anzali. (In Persian). https://civilica.com/doc/584686.
- Safa, L., SalahiMoghaddam, N., & Ganjkhanloo, M. (2018). Pro-Environmental Behavior Modeling of Rural People based on Value-Belief-Norm Theory (The Case of Khodabandeh County). Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 2(13), 91-108. (In Persian). https://www.iaeej.ir/article_59587.html?lang=en
- Saint Akadiri, S., Alola, A. A., & Akadiri, A. C. (2019). The role of globalization, real income, tourism in environmental sustainability target. Evidence from Turkey. Science of the total environment, 687, 423-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.139.
- Salaripour, A.A., Daneshpour, S.A., & SafayeKarpour, M. (2021). Exploring the concept of place attachment in phenomenology and psychometrics; identifying the capacity of reflective interaction for theoretical development. Urban Planning Knowledge, 5(2), 1-17. (In Persian). https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4559.html?lang=en
- Saputra, Fachri Eka., & Putra, Wahyu Heryanto. (2020). An Implication of Destination Attractiveness, Environmental Sensitivity, and Satisfaction with Interpretive Service on Place Attachment and Environmental Responsible Behavior. International Journal of Social Science and Business , 4(4), 453-459. https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJSSB/article/view/29017/16640
- Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2017). Place attachment enhances psychological need satisfaction. Environment and Behavior, 49(4), 359-389. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916516637648
- Schultz, P. W. (2000). New environmental theories: Empathizing with nature: The effects ofPerspective taking on concern for environmental issues. Journal of social issues, 56(3), 391-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00174
- Song, H. M., Kim, K. S., & Yim, B. H. (2017). The mediating effect of place attachment on the relationship between golf tourism destination image and revisit intention. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(11), 1182-1193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1377740
- Song, Z., & Soopramanien, D. (2019). Types of place attachment and pro-environmental behaviors of urban residents in Beijing. Cities, 84, 112-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.07.012
- Soopramanien, D., Daryanto, A., & Song, Z. (2023). Urban residents' environmental citizenship behaviour: The roles of place attachment, social norms and perceived environmental responsibility. Cities, 132, 104097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.104097
- Tonge, J., Ryan, M. M., Moore, S. A., & Beckley, L. E. (2015). The effect of place attachment on pro-environment behavioral intentions of visitors to coastal natural area tourist destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 54(6), 730-743. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514533010
- Vengesayi, S. (2003). A conceptual model of tourism destination competitiveness and attractiveness. ANZMAC 2003 Conference Proceedings Adelaide 1-3 December. 637-647. https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/a-conceptual-model-of-tourism-destination-competitiveness-and-att.
- Von Wirth, T., Grêt-Regamey, A., Moser, C., & Stauffacher, M. (2016). Exploring the influence of perceived urban change on residents' place attachment. Journal of environmental psychology, 46, 67-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.03.001
- Wang, Y. C., Liu, C. R., Huang, W. S., & Chen, S. P. (2020). Destination fascination and destination loyalty: Subjective well-being and destination attachment as mediators. Journal of Travel Research, 59(3), 496-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519839
- Willuweit, L. (2009). Promoting pro-environmental behavior: an investigation of the cross-cultural environmental behavior patterns. The Case of Abu Dhabi. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:235822/fulltext01.pdf
- Woyo, E., Slabbert, E., & Saayman, M. (2019). Do socio-demographic characteristics influence destination attractiveness perceptions after political turmoil: the case of Zimbabwe?. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(3), 1-20. https://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_55_vol_8_3__2019.pdf
- Wu, H. C., Hsieh, C. M., Yang, C. H., Huang, W. S., & Ku, G. C. M. (2022). Mediating role of attitudinal and behavioral loyalty between destination attractiveness and environmentally responsible behavior based on Stimulus-Organism-Response model. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 27(7), 712-725. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2022.2119420
- Xu, Z., & Zhang, J. (2016). Antecedents and consequences of place attachment: A comparison of Chinese and Western urban tourists in Hangzhou, China. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(2), 86-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.11.003
- Yazdakhasi, B., Hajilo, F., & Alizadehaghdam, M.B. (2012). Examining the relationship between ecological literacy and ecological footprint (case study: citizens of Tabriz). Urban Sociological Studies, 3(7), 77-104. (In Persian). https://urb.dehaghan.iau.ir/article_667870.html.
- Yazdani, H., & Shams, A. (2016). The Effect of Social Capital on the Environmental Behavior of Villagers in Marivan City. Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, 4(4), 75-85. (In Persian). https://ee.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_3090.html
- Zarei, A., Feiz, D., Maleki Minbashrazgah, M., & Maleki, F. (2020). Factors influencing selection of medical tourism destinations: A special niche market. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 13(sup1), 192-198. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2018.1492764
- Zhao, M., Dong, S., Wu, H. C., Li, Y., Su, T., Xia, B., ... & Guo, X. (2018). Key impact factors of visitors’ environmentally responsible behaviour: Personality traits or interpretive services? A case study of Beijing’s Yuyuantan Urban Park, China. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(8), 792-805. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1493518
- Ziapour, A., Kianipour, N., & Nikbakht, M.R. (2013). The sociological analysis of the environment and the people's behavior towards it in rural and urban areas in Kermanshah. Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, 1(2), 55-67. (In Persian). https://ee.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_348.html?lang=en