Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Associated professor, Faculty of literature and Humanities, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran
2 Graduate of Master of Arts, Shiit History, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract
Heroic culture is one of the richest and the most productive national assets in Iran. This pure Iranian-Islamic culture has brought up great heroes and delivered them to Iranian socity during multiple periods. The main objective in this study is to introduce Iranian heroes from ancient period until Islamic Revolution in Iran and to survey the course of evolution and variation of this culture and its leaders namely heroes. It has been presupposed that what made this rich culture persistent are its concerned concepts such as honesty,strengthening body and soul,good qualities and the most important, overcoming the sprit of chivalry against it by following Imam Ali (PBUH) as primate of Iranian muslims. Hence in this article, it has been tried to introduce high moral concepts in heroic culture and its representatives namely heroes based on historical studies during ancient period and Islamic Iran era. This study in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on library studies has tried analyze the findings by a narrative and historical method. What has been obtained is recognition of the relationship of this culture with our concerned national and religious concepts especially the relationship between Iranian heroes with the leader of the Shiite world namely Imam Ali(PBUH) that made him a stable model for Iranian heroes. So, the most important finding of this study is that the rite of chivalry existed in Iran from ancient period, after the arrival of Islam in Iran has linke with Shiite religion specially with the distinguished personality Of Imam Ali(PBUH) who owned the uppermost characteristics of chivalry has developed in association with it and has expanded up to now.
Keywords
- Mofakham N. Sport Dictionary. Tehran: Iran healthy diversions and physical education organization 1968:74. (In Persian)
- yazdi H. Chivalry courage heroicness championship and sport at the time of Safavieh dynasty. Journal of sport management. 2011(10):121-136. (In Persian)
- Hesam poor S. Imposture role in the Iran civilization and culture. Journal of Iranian studies. 2005(8):53-74.(In Persian)
- Sabori Zalo Abi A. Imposture. Journal of tarikhpajouhi. 2012(51):167-182. (In Persian)
- Javadi Yeganeh M, Aghaei J, Mokhtari Isfahani M. Loutian principle at the time of Qajar. Journal of Jame Pazhuhiy Farhangi. 2011(2):77-100. (In Persian)
- BoloukBashi A. Louti and Loutigary in the social life of Iran history. Journal of people culture. 2004(8-9): 99-105. (In Persian)
7.Doostkhah J. Avesta(Nameh Minoo of Zoroastrianism). Report of Ebrahim poorDavood. Tehran. Morvarid publication 1964.(In Persian)
- Herodotus. Herodotus History. Translated By Esmayeel Sangari. Tehran. Establishment of translation and Parseh book publication. 2014:100. (In Persian)
- Bijan A. Rout of civilzation and training at the time of ancient Iran. Tehran. Ibn Sina publication. 1971:197-199. (In Persian)
- Xenophon. Curus Nama. Translated By Reza Mashayekli. Tehran. Establishment of translation and book publication. 1964:5-9. (In Persian)
- Zarrinkoob A. Days(Iran History since beginning until fall of Pahlavi Denasty). Tehran. Speech publication. 1995:27. (In Persian)
- Minug Xerad. Translatied By Ahmad Tafazzoli. Tehran. Establishment of Iran culture. 1975:23. (In Persian).
- Irani D. Ancient Iran moral. Tehran. Meeting of Iranian Zoroasters of Mumbai. 1982:77-78. (In Persian).
- Barati M. Shahnameh Purview of education and test(Education and test in the Shahnameh). Journal of Isfahan culture. 2005(14):18-35.(In Persian).
- Islami Nadooshan MA. Life and death of athletes in the Shahnameh. Yazdan publication. 1984:170,173,291,304. (In Persian).
- Beyhaghi A. Research and study of Iran public culture. Mashhad. Office of museums of Astan Quds Razavi.1986:43. (In Persian).
- Onsorol mail K. Qabus Nama. Corrected By GholamHossein Yoosefi. Tehran. Establishment of translation and book publication. 1974:347. (In Persian).
- Shafii Kadkani M. Qalandarie in the history. Tehran. Speech publication. 2007:338. (In Persian).
- Mahjoob M. Vulgar literature of Iran.vol 1and 2. Tehran. Sarcheshmeh publication. 2003:959-962. (In Persian).
- Dinvari AA. Akhbarol Teval. Translated By Mahmood Mahdavi Damghani. Tehran. Ney publication. 1987:92. (In Persian).
- Hakemi E. Chivalry and generosity custom. Tehran. Asatir publication. 2003:35,37. (In Persian).
- Karimi J. Look on world physical education history. Tehran. Center of collegiate publication. 1994:236-237. (In Persian).
- Abiforas AV. Varam collection(Manners and Morality in the Islam).vol 2. Translated By Mohammad areza Ataei.Mashhad. Establishment of Islamic research. 1990:25-26. (In Persian).
- Khorramshahi B, Ansari M. Prophet message. Tehran. Scientific and Cultural publication. n.d:640. (In Persian).
- Falsafi MT. Educative narratives of AhleBeyt achool. Tehran. Islamic culture publication. 1984:27. (In Persian).
- Tamimi Amedi AM. Ghurar Al-Hikam Wa Durrar Al-Kalim. Translated By Hashem Rasoli. Tehran. Islamic culcure publication. 1987:263. (In Persian).
- Nahjul Balagha. Translated By mohammad Dashti. Qom.Hazrat Abbas publication. 2006:399. (In Persian).
- Qomi A. Mafatih al janan. Tehran. Javidan publication. 1994:135. (In Persian).
- Afshari M. Generosity Custom. Tehran. Cultural researches publication. 2005:9. (In Persian).
- Ebne Asir EA. Kamel(Big History of Islam and Iran).vol 10. Translated By Abbas khalili. n.p. Iran books publication. N.d:212. (In Persian).
- Bastani Parizi ME. Yaghoob Lais. Tehran. Chakameh publication. 1984: 104-105, 341-359 (In Persian).
- Heravi S. Harat Nama. Corrected By Mohammad Zobeyr Sedighi. Calcutta. 1983:410. (In Persian).
33.Ohadi Daghaghi Balyani TM. Biography of Arafatul Asheghin and Arasatul Arefin. Vol 5and6. Corrected ByMohsen Naji Nasr Abadi. Tehran. Asatir publication. 2009:3338,3341. (In Persian).
- Hamid H. Life and day and thouth of Puriya Vali. Tehran. Printing of Sahel. 1974:194. (In Persian).
- Ensaf Poor Gh. Puriya Vali(Stories of old athletes until 13 century). Tehran. Book world. 1978: 60-83.(In Persian).
- Kazemaini K. Athletic role and imposture movement in the social history and political life of Iran nation. Tehran. Printing of Meli Bank. 1964:48-50,356. (In Persian).
- Vasefi ZM. Badayeul Vaghaye. Corrected By Alexander Beldroof. Vol1. Tehran. Stablishment of Iran culture. 1970:409-508. (In Persian).
- Chelongar MA, ShahMoradi M. Shia governments in the history. Qom. Sciences and Islamic culture research institute. 2016:182. (In Persian).
- Petroushevsky IP. Khorasan Sarbedaran. Translated By Karim Keshavarz. ShahReza. Payam publication. 1972:52-53. (In Persian)
- Ajand Y. Sarbedaran Revolt. Tehran. AmirKabir publication. 1986:45. (In Persian).
- Abbasi M. History of ancient sport and cthletic wrestling in Iran. Qom. Center Islamic studies. 1975:11. (in Persian).
- Godarzi M. Sociology genesis of national identity in Iran by emphasis on Safavi time. Tehran. Iranian civilzation publication. 2002:199. (In Persian).
- Navaei AH, Ghaffari Fard AGh. History of political, social, economic, cultural changes of Iran at the time of Safavi. Tehran. Samt publication. 2002:24. (In Persian).
- Mazzaoui M. Genesis of Safavi government. Translated By Yaghob Ajand. Tehran. Gostareh publication. 2009:29. (In Persisn).
- Savory R. Iran under the Safavids. Translated By Kambiz Azizi. Tehran. Markaz publication. 1995:29. (In Persian).
- Roemer HR. Persien auf dem Weg in die Neuzeit: iranische Geschichte von 1350-1750. Translated By Azar Ahanchi. Tehran. Establishment of publication and print of Tehran university. 2001:258. (In Persian).
- Parto Beyzaei H. History of ancient sport of Iran and palestra. Tehran. Heydari Printing. 1958:394,219. (In Persian).
- Shabestari H. Story of Hossein Kord Shabestari. By effort Iraj Afshari, Mehran Afshari. Tehran. Cheshmeh publication. 2006:31. (In Persian).
- Yosef Jamali MK. Political, Social, Cultural, Religious life of Shah Esmayeel by observation on bodily, spiritual, moral, religious specifications and relation with foreign governments. Isfahan. najafAbad. Azad university of NajafAbad publication. 2008:157. (In Persian).
- Mtez A, Bark J. Shah Jank Iranian at Caldiran and Greece. Translated By Zabihollah Mansori. Tehran. AmirKabir publication. 1984:399. (In Persian).
- Sadeghi Ketabdar. Biographi of MajmaulKhavas. Translated By AbdolRasul KhayamPoor. AkhtarShomal printing. 1948:36. (In Persian).
- HosseiniEstarabadi H. Monarchy history since Sheikh Safi until Shah Safi. By effort Ehsan Eshraghi. Tehran. Scientific publication. 1985:89,135. (In Persian).
- Amini Haeavi SE. Shah conquests. Corrected By Mohammad Reza Nasiri. Tehran. Writing and cultural glories meeting. 2004:166,384. (In Persian).
- Monshi Torkaman EB. Abbasi Alam Ara history. Vol2and3. Tehran. AmirKabir publicational institution. 1956:1033. (In Persian).
- Mahdavi Nejad R, Motamedi P. Sport and physical education history. Isfahan. Isfahan university publication. 2002:99-100,109. (In Persisn).
- Rostamul Hokama MA. Rostamu,t-tawarikh. Corrected By Mohammad Moshiri. Tehran. AmirKabir. 1969:101, 104-109. (In Persian).
- Romlo H. Ahsanu,t-tawarikh. Corrected By CN Seddeon. Tehran. Shams library publication. n.d: 455-456. (In Persian).
- Navaei AH. Karimkhan Zand. Tehran. Sepehr printing. 1969:228-235, 239-240. (In Persian).
- Moayerul Mamalek D. Notes of NaserodinShah life. Tehran. Iran history publication. 1993:59. (In Persian).
- Orsolle E. Orsolle itinerary. Translated By Ali Asghar Saeidi. Tehran. Zavvar publication. 1974:205-206. (In Persian).
- Polak JE. Polak itinerary. Translated By Keykavos Jahandari. Tehan. Kharazmi publication. 1989:134. (In Persisn).
- CarlaSerena. Iran people and visitables(CarlaSerena itinerary). Translated By GholamReza Samiei. Tehran. Nou publication. 1984:267. (In Persian).
- Fauvrier. Three year in Iran court. Translated By Abbas Eghbal Ashtiani. Tehran. World of book. 1983:347 (In Persian).
- Wills. Iran in one ago century(Doctor Wills itinerary). Translated By Gholam Hossein Gharaguzlo. Eghbal printing. 1989:137. (In Persian).
- Darakeh E. palestra history and cultural. Tehran. Attendant book institation. 1998:14-16. (In Persian).
66.Karimi Zanjani Asl M. Artist generosities and fearless cheerleaders. Journal of motto and wisdom information.2009 (8):65-69.(In Persian).
- Velayati AA. Generosity encyclopedia(Chivalry). Vol 3. Tehran. AmirKabir Institution. 2015:20. (In Persian).
- Najmi N. Darulcaliphate of Tehran. Tehran. Zavvar publication. 1969:97-99. (In Persian).
- Mostofi A. My life description or social and office history of Iran at the time of Qajar since AqaMohammad Khan Qajar until Naseroddin Shah. Tehran. Zavvar publication. 1992:303,303-305. (In Persian).
- Floor W. Inquiries of social history of Iran at the time of Qajar. Vol 1. Translated By Abolghasem Serri. Tehran. Toos publication. 1987:253-254. (In Persian).
- DeGobineau JA. Three year in Iran. Translated By Zabihollah Mansori. Tehran. Farrokhi publication. n.d:110. (In Persian).
- Brugsch H. Travel to court of Saheb Qaran king. Translated By KordBacheh. Tehran. Information publication. 1989:187. (In Persian).
- Flandin E. Eugene Flandin itinerary to Iran. Translated By Hossein NoorSadeghi. N.p. Eshraghi publication. 1993:134. (In Persian).
- Mokhtari E, Saber H. Athletic legacy. Tehran. Cheshmeh publication.2016: 402, 80-83, 84-87,99. (In Persian).
- Soltani MA. Historical geography and detailed history of Kermanshahan(Bakhtaran). Tehran. compiler publication. 1991:237. (In Persian).
- Rafat M. Takhti,Eternal always Man. Science publication. 1987:26-30. (In Persian).
- Center of Islamic revolution cultural evidences. NoorSahifeh(Imam Khomeyni Guidances). Vol 7. Sahami company of Islamic guidance ministry publication. 1982:26. (In Persian).
- Cultural group of Shahid Ebrahim Hadi. Shahrokh Islamic revolution Horre: Biography and memorabilia of Shahid Shahrokh Zargham. Tehran. Shahid Ebrahim Hadi publication. 2017:11. (In Persian).
- Cultural group of Shahid Ebrahim Hadi. Hellow to Ebrahim: Biography and memorabilia of Shahid Ebrahim Hadi.vol 1. Tehran. Shahid Ebrahim Hadi publication. 2017:13,25. (In Persian).
- Sadi Shirazi M. Sadi Bustan. Corrected By Mohammad Ali Foroughi. Tehran. Peyman publication. 2009:122. (In Persian).
- Kashefi H. Royal chivalry Nama. By effort Mohammad Jafar Magjoob. Tehran. Stablishment of Iran cultural. 1971:8. (In Persian).
- Tabatabaei MH. TafsirALMizan. Translated By Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi. Vol 2. Stablishment of scholar Tabatabaei scientific and mental by cooperation of center of Raja cultural publication and AmirKabir publication. 1987:135. (In Persian).
- Koleyni. AL.Kafi. vol 8. Corrected By Ali Akbar Ghaffari. Tehran. Islamic DorulKotob. 2001:110. (In Persian).
- Corbin H. Generosity custom. Correctied By Morteza Sarrafi. Tehran. French Institute of scientific researches in Iran. 1984:117. (In Persian).
- Vaghedi M. Maquzi(history of prophet waes). Vol 2. Translated By Mahmiid Mahdavi Damghani. Tehran. Center of collegiate publication. 1983:352. (In Persian).
- Sobhani J. Eternity brightness(Analysis of life of prophet). Vol 2. Qom. Islamic Knowledge publication. 1984:139. (In Persian).
- Ebne Hesam MH. Persian Tazian Nama. Resume of Khavaran Nama. Corrected By Hamidollah Moradi. Tehran. Center of collegiate publication. 2003.(In Persian).