Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant professor of sport management, physical education and sport science faculty, Kharazmi university, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate professor of sport management, physical education and sport science faculty, Kharazmi university, Tehran, Iran

3 Professor of political science,Faculty of International Relations at Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tehran, Iran

4 Associate Professor of Sport Management, physical education and sport science faculty, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Sports diplomacy is a new phenomenon that seeks to increase dialogue to open new perspectives and help to understand the culture of the people of the world. Today, sports have become widespread throughout the world, and new international documents have also paid some attention to sport. The internationalization of many of the world's forests has brought countries into the international sporting field to advance national interests and realize their political and international goals.This study seeks to explain the sports diplomacy. The research was conducted using qualitative studies using Grounded Theory was to collect data and define the model. The study population consisted of experts and managers in the field of theory and practice that samples were selected non-randomized. After studying literature and conducted 18 in-depth interviews, analysis interviews were coded at the same time. After studying literature, 18 in-depth interviews, analysis, and were coded at the same time. Results of open coding, axial and selective provide 165 open-source, the 14 categories and 60 concepts.
categories that was divided in causal conditions, grounded conditions, intervening conditions, action/ interaction strategies and consequences. The results suggest that programmatically and knowledge of sports diplomacy major implications in the development of political sociology, foreign policy and the development of sports in the country will have different dimensions.Therefore, long-term planning in this field can provide a better future for sport, politics, international relations, peace and development of countries.

Keywords

1. Allison, L.)1993( ."The Changing Politics of Sport". Manchester: Manchester University Press, P ix- 232.
2. Aman, M.S. (2005). "Leisure policy in New Zealand and Malaysia: a comparative study of developments in sport and physical recreation." Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. https://researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz/handle/10182/1768?show=full
3. Anastasovski, I,.Stojanoska,T,. Qazimi,A.(2013). "Sport as substitute for diplomatic activites", PESH, 2( 1),p79-82.
4. Andreff, W. (2000), "Sport and economic development" ,Play the Game,p12-16.
5. Bainvel S. (2005). "Sport and Politics: A study of the relationship between International Politics and Football".  Linkopings University,p1-84.
6. Bazargan, Abbas (2010). "An Introduction to Qualitative and Mixed Methods: Common Approaches to Behavioral Sciences". Tehran, Publication of Didar, Second Edition, p. 93.(In Persian)
7. Bergsgard, N. A., Houlihan, B., Mangset, P., N_dland, S. I., Rommetvedt,H. (2007). "Sport Policy: A comparative analysis of stability and change". Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. https://www.elsevier.com/books/sport-policy/asle-bergsgard/978-0-7506-8364-7
8. Bravo,G ,.Silva,J. (2014)." Sport policy in Chile, International Journalof Sport Policy and Politics", 6(1),p 129-142.
9. Deos, A. (2014). "Sport and relational public diplomacy: thecase of New Zealand and Rugby World Cup 2011", Sport in Society, 17(9),p 1170-1186.
10. Eltiami nia, Reza., Mohammadi Azizabadi, Mehdi (2015). "The Subordinate and Accelerating Role of Sport in Providing Peace Between Governments", Quarterly Journal of International Policy Studies, 22, pp. 149-179.(In Persian)
11. European Commission (1999)."Doping in Sport: Sports Economics and Statistics". https://isis.vse.cz/auth/lide/clovek.pl?id=1079
12. Fazeli, Habibollah (2012). "Sports and identity politics". Political science journal, 7 (2), pp. 174-151.(In Persian)
13. Freeth B. (2003). "Sport and politics and injustice. In Justice for Agriculture New York", (JAG) Open Letter Forum, 20. http://archive.kubatana.net/html/archive/opin/030126bf.asp?sector=ARTCUL.
14. Giulianotti, R, Robertson. ,R.(2009). "Globalization and sport", Blackwell Publishing, ISBN: 978-1-4051-6269-2. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/sport.jsp
15. Goldberg, J.(2000). "Sporting Diplomacy: Boosting the Size of the Diplomatic Corps". the Washington quarterly, 23(4), p 63–70.
16. Hadian, N., Ahadi, M. (2009). “Conceptual Position of Public Diplomacy”, Foreign Relations Journal, 1 (3), pp. 85-119.
17. Hill, C. R. (1996). “Olympic Politics: Athens to Atlanta 1896 –1996”, 2nd ed, Manchester: Manchester University Press,pp1-304.
18. Houlihan, B,.Zheng, J. (2014). "Small states: sport and politics at the margin", International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics.p1-17.
19. Houlihan, B., Bloyce, D., Smith, A. (2009). "Developing the research agenda insport policy". International Journal of Sport Policy, 1(1), p1–12.
20. Hoye, R,. Nicholson, M,.Houlihan, B.(2009)." Sport and Policy:Issues andAnalysis", Published by Elsevier Ltd, All rights reserved. http://www.tandfebooks.com/isbn/9780080942605
21. Kessler, D.(2009)."The Citizens’ Affair: Sports and Tourism inPost-1998 United States-Iran Relations",Stanford Journal of International Relations,  XI(1), p38-49.
22. Khani, Mohammad Hassan (2005). "Cultural Diplomacy and Its Position in Foreign Policy of Countries", Journal of Political Science, 2, pp. 135-148.(In Persian)
23. Li, Y.W.(2013): "Public Diplomacy Strategies of the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2012 London Olympics: A Comparative Study", The International Journal of the History of Sport,p1-13.
24. Lormmo, Roger,. Toder, Adrian (2012). "Sports and International Relations", translated by: Seyyed Nasrollah Sajjadi, Tehran: Haftami Publications, p. 6.(In Persian)
25. Malakutian, Mostafa (2009). "Sport and Politics, Political Quarterly", Faculty of Law, Science and Political Sciences, 39 (2), p. 316-301.(In Persian)
26. Merkel U. (2008). "The Politics of Sport Diplomacy andReunification in Divided Korea". International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 43,p289.
27. Murray, Stuart. (2012). "The Two Halves of Sports-Diplomacy", Diplomacy & Statecraft 23 (3), p576–592.
28. Murray,S. (2013). "Sports diplomacy in the Australian context: A case study of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade",Sports Law eJournal,, : ISSN 1836-1129. http://epublications.bond.edu.au/slej/18.
29. Pigman,A.(2014)."International Sport and Diplomacy's PublicDimension: Governments, Sporting Federations and the Global Audience", Diplomacy & Statecraft,25(1),pp 94-114.
30. Qavam, S, A. (1388). "Principles of Foreign Policy and International Policy". Tehran: Samt, p. 153.(In Persian)
31. Rooney, P. (2012) ". Sport for Development and Peace: the case of NorthernIreland", Master of Arts – Environment, Society and Development, p 1-69. http://www.football4peace.eu/Downloads/Publications.
32. Şahin MY, Yenel F, Colakoğlu T.( 2010)."Sport and nationalism interaction: sports’ place and importance creating national identity". International Journal ofHuman Sciences, 7(12), p44-63.
33. Sajadpour, S. M. K,. Vahidi, M. (2011). "Modern Public Diplomacy: Conceptual and Operative Frameworks", Journal of Policy, 41 (4), pp. 77-95.(In Persian)
34. Strauss, A.L., Corbin, J.M. (2006). "Principles of Qualitative Research Method: Basic Theory, Procedures and Practices", translated by Rahmatollah Rahmatpour, Tehran: Research Institute for Human Sciences and Cultural Studies, p. 85.( In Persian)
35. Sugden, J., Bairner, A. (1993). “Sport, Sectarianism and Society in a Divided Ireland”,Leicester University Press, ,pp1-160.
36. Yamamoto,M.Y. (2012). "Development of the sporting nation: sport as a strategic area of national policy in Japan", International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 4(2),p277-296.
37. Yazdan Fam, Mahmoud (2014). "Public Diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran". Tehran, Institute for Strategic Studies, p. 41.(In Persian)
38. Zarif, Mohammad Javad,. Sajadpour, Seyed Mohammad Kazem (2012). "Multilateral Diplomacy, Conceptual and Functional Dynamics of Regional and International Organizations", Tehran, Department of Foreign Affairs, Faculty of International Relations, p. 10.(In Persian)