Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Member of Sport Management Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 PhD of Management and Planning in Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

 
The aim of this study was to design Interpretative Structural Model (ISM) of the components of sport diplomacy. The present study was applied in terms of aims and descriptive with regard to data collection. With review of related literature and qualitative interviews (content analysis) with 13 Iranian and foreign experts of sport diplomacy, components and items of sport diplomacy were identified. In the next phase, 7 experts' opinions were used to validate interpretive modeling and to analyze MICMAC. After data analysis, the components of sport diplomacy were categorized into 7 classes and ISM graph was designed based on these classes. 'Cultural development' was located at the first class while ' branding and international prestige' was in the last class. After MICMAC analysis, the components were classified into 3 sections based on their influence and dependency power: linked (cultural development, peace and friendship), independent (media communications, national unity and identity, political development, anti-isolation) and dependent (dark side, economic development, branding and international prestige and smart power development).

Keywords

  1. آذر، عادل؛ بیات، کریم (1387). «طراحی مدل فرایندمحوری کسب‌وکار با رویکرد مدلسازی ساختاری تفسیری»، نشریۀ مدیریت فناوری اطلاعات، دورۀ 1، ش1، ص 18-3.
  2. آهنین جان، ستار (1391). تأثیر رفتارهای حمایت‌گرانه در توسعه و اثربخشی دیپلماسی عمومی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، پایان‌نامۀ دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، ص 14.
  3. زادگان، محسن؛ حسینی، رسول (1391). «تأثیر دیپلماسی بر قدرت ملی ایران در عرصۀ جهانی»، فصلنامۀ مطالعات راهبردی جهانی شدن، ص 45-31.
  4. سمیعی، علیرضا؛ فتحی، عبدالرضا (1391). «نقش و جایگاه قدرت نرم در دیپلماسی فرهنگی جمهوری اسلامی ایران»، فصلنامۀ مطالعات خاورمیانه، ش سوم، ص 176-145.
  5. شهریاری‌نیا، ‌حامد (1391). مدلسازی عوامل مؤثر بر انتخاب همکار در زنجیرۀ تأمین چابک‌سازی با رویکرد مدلسازی تفسیری ساختاری، ‌پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد،‌ دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، ص 66-51.
  6. فیروزجاییان، ‌علی‌اصغر؛ فیروزجاییان، ‌مجتبی؛‌ هاشمی پطرودی،‌ حمید؛ غلامرضازاده، فاطمه (1392). «کاربرد تکنیک مدلسازی ساختاری تفسیری»، مجلۀ برنامه‌ریزی و توسعۀ گردشگری، ش ششم،‌ ص 156-133.
  7. قربانی، ندا (1391). بررسی چالش‌های دیپلماسی عمومی ایران در منطقۀ خلیج‌فارس (مطالعۀ موردی: بحرین و عراق)، پایان‌نامۀ دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ص 34-45-65.
  8. یزدانی، عنایت‌الله؛ نژادزندیه، رویا (1391). «کاربست دیپلماسی عمومی در سیاست خارجی جمهوری اسلامی ایران در چهارچوب اصول و ارزش‌های انقلاب اسلامی»، فصلنامۀ علمی – پژوهشی پژوهشنامۀ انقلاب اسلامی، ش 7، ص 44-19.
  9. Bjola, C., & Kornprobst, M. (2013). “Understanding international diplomacy: theory, practice and ethics”. Routledge, P: 105
  10. Castro, A. S. (2013). “South Africa’s Engagement in Sports Diplomacy: The Successful Hosting of the 2010 FIFA World Cup”. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 8(3-4), pp: 197-210.   
  11. Cha, V. (2013). “The Asian Games and Diplomacy in Asia: Korea–China–Russia”. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 30(10), pp: 1176-1187.
  12. Feizabadi, M. S., Khabiri, M., & Hamidi, M. (2013). “The Relationship between the Success of Countries at the Guangzhou 2010 Summer Asian Games and Demo-economic Factors”. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82, pp: 369-374.
  13. Govindan, K., Azevedo, S. G., Carvalho, H., & Cruz-Machado, V. (2015). “Lean, green and resilient practices influence on supply chain performance: interpretive structural modeling approach”. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(1), pp: 15-34.
  14. Grix, J. (2013). “Sport politics and the Olympics. Political Studies Review”, 11(1), pp: 15-25.
  15. Grix, J., & Houlihan, B. (2014). “Sports Mega‐Events as Part of a Nation's Soft Power Strategy: The Cases of Germany (2006) and the UK (2012)”. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 16(4), pp: 572-596.
  16. Jackson, S. J. (2013). “The contested terrain of sport diplomacy in a globalizing world”. International Area Studies Review, 16(3),pp: 274-284.
  17. Kayo, M. M., & Ohkami, Y. (2014, October). “Visualization for therapist-guided self-exercise system of Somatic Balance Restoring Therapy. In Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)”, 2014 IEEE 17th International Conference on pp: 222-227. IEEE.
  18. Lanzac, A., & Blain, C. (2011). “Weapons of Mass Diplomacy”. London New York: SelfMadeHero Abrams, p: 67
  19. Levermore, R., & Beacom, A. (2012). “Reassessing sport-for-development: moving beyond ‘mapping the territory’”. International journal of sport policy and politics, 4(1), pp: 125-137.
  20. Marks, J. (1999). “Wrestling diplomacy scores in Iran”. Peace Review11(4), 547-549.
  21. Muduli, K., Govindan, K., Barve, A., & Geng, Y. (2013). “Barriers to green supply chain management in Indian mining industries: a graph theoretic approach”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 47, pp: 335-344.
  22. Murray, S. (2012). “The two halves of sports-diplomacy”. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 23(3), pp: 576-592.
  23. Murray, S., & Pigman, G. A. (2014). “Mapping the relationship between international sport and diplomacy”. Sport in Society, 17(9), pp: 1098-1118.
  24. Pamment, J. (2014). “The 2012 Olympics and Its Legacies: State, Citizen, and Corporate Mobilizations of the Olympic Spirit”. International Journal of Communication, pp: 8, 19.
  25. Pigman, G. A. (2014). “International Sport and Diplomacy's Public Dimension: Governments, Sporting Federations and the Global Audience”. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 25(1),pp: 94-114.
  26. Roeder Jr, L. W., & Simard, A. (2013). “Information and Knowledge Management. In Diplomacy and Negotiation for Humanitarian NGOs (pp. 99-136)”. Springer New York, p: 12
  27. Zhu, Z. J., Zhang, Q. H., Zhang, K. B., Zhuo, Y., & Zhou, Y. Q. (2014). “Research on physical quality promotion of college students using interpretive structural modeling: a case study in China”. Computer Science and Systems Engineering, pp: 68, 437.