Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Assistant Professor in Sport Management, College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor in Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
There are a number of factors affecting consumers' purchase behavior. It is believed that celebrities can affect selling positively by transferring their popular image to the endorsed product. But, it is heard lots about excommunicate behaviors in the sport world today. The main aim of the present paper was to explore the impact of doping scandal on sport marketing in Iran. Depth interviews data were analyzed in three phases: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. 297 open codes were achieved by 18 interviews. Grouping axial codes in each case and comparing, all gained codes can be divided in five groups: brand image (athlete and endorsed product brands images), moral reasoning (moral coupling, moral decoupling, and moral rationalization), consumer behavioral consequences (word of mouth, purchasing intention, and brand loyalty), attitude change (attitudes change toward athlete and brand), and moral emotions (moral evaluation, contempt, anger, disgust, and sympathy).
Keywords
- Aaker, J.L. (1997). “Dimensions of brand personality”. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(3): 347-356.
- Aaker, D.A. (2008). “Strategic market management”. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New Jersey.
- Ahluwalia, R., Burnkrant, R. E., & Unnava, H. R. (2000). “Consumer response to negative publicity: The moderating role of commitment”. Journal of Marketing Research, 37(2): 203-214.
- Bazargan, A. (2012). Introduction to qualitative and mixed research methodology: common approaches in behavioral sciences. Didar Publication (3rd edition). (In Persian)
- Australian Sport Drug Agency (2000). “Drug in sport”. http:/www.ausport.gov.au/asda/ drugs1.html.
- Buechel, B., Emrich, E., & Pohlkamp, S. (2013). “Nobody's Innocent: The Role of Customers in the Doping Dilemma”. JEL K42, L83, C72.
- Bandura, A. (1991). “Social Cognitive Theory of Moral Thought and Action”. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), “Handbook of moral behavior and development: Theory, research, and qpplications” (Vol. 1), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Bednall, D. H., & Collings, A. (2000). “Effect of public disgrace on celebrity endorser value”. Australasian Marketing Journal, 8(2): 47-57.
- Belesioti, O. (2011). “Can negative publicity of celebrities’ endorsement damage the reputation of a brand?” University of Amsterdam Faculty of Economics and Business Department: Marketing and Strategy Master thesis MSc Business Studies Specialization Marketing Academic year: 2010-2011.
- Bhattacharjee, A., Berman, J. Z., & Reed, A. (2013). “Tip of the hat, wag of the finger: How moral decoupling enables consumers to admire and admonish”. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(6): 1167-1184.
- Blackwell, R. D., Miniard, P. W., & Engel, J. F. (2001). “Consumer Behavior” (9 ed.): Harcourt College Publishers.
- Carstairs, C. (2003). “The wide world of doping: drug scandals, natural bodies and the business of sports entertainment”. Addiction Research and Theory, 11(4): 263-281.
- Charbonneau, J., & Garland, R. (2005). “Talent, looks or brains? New Zealand advertising practitioners' views on celebrity and athlete endorsers”. Marketing Bulletin, 16(3): 1-10.
- Chernev, A., Hamilton, R., & Gal, D. (2011). “Competing for consumer identity: Limits to self-expression and the perils of lifestyle branding”. Journal of Marketing, 75(3): 66-82.
- Cisyk, J., & Courty, P. (2015). “Do fans care about compliance to doping regulations in sports? The impact of PED suspension in Baseball”. Journal of Sports Economics, 1, 1-26.
- Danaeifar, H., Alvani, S.M., Azar, A. (2013). “Qualitative research methodology in management: a comprehensive approach”. Eshraghi Safaar Publication (2nd edition). (In Persian)
- Dilger, A., B. Frick, and F. Tolsdorf (2007). “Are Athletes Doped? Some Theoretical Arguments and Empirical Evidence”. Contemporary Economic Policy, 25, 604-615.
- Doss, S. (2011). “The transference of brand attitude: the effect on the celebrity endorser”. Journal of Management and Marketing Research.
- Fazen, G. (1999). “Brand and advertising: How advertising effectiveness influences brand equity”. Oxford Shire, United Kingdom: Admap Publication.
- Festinger, L. (1957). “A theory of cognitive dissonance”. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Fisher, R.J., & Wakefield, K. (1998). “Factors leading to group identification: A field study of winners and losers”. Psychology & Marketing, 15(1): 23-40.
- Florez, C.L. (2013). “The impact of the doping effect on cycling sponsorship: analysis of brand lovers and cycling fans consumer reaction”. Master Thesis in Business Studies, Kassel, Germany.
- Funk, D.C. (2011). “Consumer Behaviour in Sport and Events - Marketing Action”. Taylor & Francis.
- Grappi, S., Romani, S., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2013). “Consumer response to corporate irresponsible behavior: Moral emotions and virtues”. Journal of Business Research, 66(10): 1814-1821.
- Gwinner, K. (1997). “A model of image creation and image transfer in event sponsorship”. International Marketing Review, 14(3): 145-158.
- Gwinner, K.P., Larson, B.V., and Swanson, S.R. (2009). “Image Transfer in Corporate Event Sponsorship: Assessing the Impact of Team Identification and Event-Sponsor Fit”. International Journal of Management and Marketing Research, 2 (1): 1-15.
- Gwinner, K., & Swanson, S. R. (2003). “A model of fan identification: Antecedents and sponsorship outcomes”. The Journal of Service Marketing, 17(3): 275-294.
- Haidt, J. (2001). “The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment”. Psychological Review, 108(4): 814-834.
- Haidt, J. (2007). “The new synthesis in moral psychology”. Science, 316(5827): 998-1002.
- Hoberman, J.M. (1992). “Mortal Engines: The Science of Performance and the Dehumanization of Sport”. New York: Free Press, 1992.
- Houlihan, B. (2002). “Dying to Win: Doping in Sport and the Development of Anti-doping Policy”. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, 2002.
- Hughes, S., & Shank, M. (2005). “Defining scandal in sports: Media and corporate sponsor perspectives”. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 14(4): 207-216.
- Johnson, A. R. (2005). “When a celebrity is tied to immoral behavior: Consumer reactions to Michael Jackson and Kobe Bryant”. Advances in Consumer Research, 32, 100-101.
- Katoch, A. (2009). “The application of social identity theory and theory of planned behavior on the role of sports brand sponsorship”. Master's Thesis, National Cheng Kung University, Institute of International Management.
- Kim, Y., & Na, J. (2007). “Effects of celebrity athlete endorsement on attitude towards the product: the role of credibility, attractiveness and the concept of congruence”. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 8(4): 310-320.
- Kwak, D. H., Kim, Y. K., & Zimmerman, M. H. (2010). “User-versus mainstream-media-generated content: Media source, message valence, and team identification and sport consumers' response”. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(4): 402-421.
- Lee, J. S., & Kwak, D. H. (2015). “Consumers’ responses to public figures’ transgression: Moral reasoning strategies and implications for endorsed brands”. Journal of Business Ethics, DOI 10.1007/s10551-015-2544-1.
- Lohneiss, A., & Hill, B. (2014). “The impact of processing athlete transgressions on brand image and purchase intent”. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14(2): 171-193.
- Litvin, S.W., Goldsmith, R.E., Pan, B. (2008). “Electronic word of mouth in hospitality and tourism management”. Tourism management, 29(3): 458-468.
- Matos, C.A., and Veiga, R.T. (2005). “How to Deal with Negative Publicity: The Importance of Consumer Involvement”. Brazilian Administration Review, 2(1): 57-72.
- Mazanov, J., & Connor, J. (2010). “The role of scandal and corruption in sports marketing and sponsorship”. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 11(3): 183.
- McCracken, G. (1986). “Culture and Consumption: A Theoretical Account of the Structure and Movement of the Cultural Meaning of Consumer Goods”. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(1): 71-84.
- Miles, M.B. and Huberman, A.M. (1994). “Qualitative data analysis: a source book of new methods”. (2nd). London: Sage.
- Moston, S., Skinner, J. & Engelberg, T. (2012). “Perceived incidence of drug use in Australian sport: a survey of public opinion”. Sport in Society, 15(1): 64-77.
- Parker, H.M., & Fink, J.S. (2010). “Negative sponsor behavior, team response and how this impacts fan attitudes. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 11(3): 200-211.
- Perron, L. (2009, June 6). Should NFL give Vick a second chance?” Reuter. Retrieved from http://blogs.reuters.com/sport/2009/06/06/should-nfl-give-vick-a-second-chance/?cp=all#comments
- Prinz, Jesse (2006), “The Emotional Basis of Moral Judgements”. Philosophical Explorations, 9(1): 29-43.
- Reeth, D.V., & Lagae, W. (2013). “Public opinion on doping in cycling: differences among population groups”. Faculteit Economie en Bedrijfswetenschappen Campus Brussel (Hubrussel).
- Roosta, A., Venus, D., Ebrahimi, A. (2013). “Marketing Management”. Samt Publication (17th edition). (In Persian)
- Roozen, I. (2012). “Negative publicity on the endorsement process does it influence for-profit and not for-profit print advertisements?” Hub Research Papers - Economics & Management, 1, 1-16.
- Rozin, P., Lowery, L., Imada, S., & Haidt, J. (1999). “The CAD triad hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity)”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(4): 574-586.
- Runsbech, A., & Sjolin, D. (2011). “Negative effects of sponsorships A quantitative study on negative effects of image transfer through sponsorship in the U.K”. Undergraduate thesis at C-level, 15 Hp. Halmstad University.
- Simmers, C., D. Damron-Martinez, and D. Haytko (2009), “Examining the Effectiveness of Athlete Celebrity Endorser Characteristics and Procuct Brand Type: The Endorser Sexpertise Continuum”. Journal of Sport Administration & Supervision, 1(1): 52-64.
- Slack, T. (2004). “Commercialization of Sport”. Translated into Persian by Razavi, M.H. and Nobakhti, S., Shomal Paydar Publication. (In Persian)
- Smith, A. (2008). “Introduction to Sport Marketing”. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Business & Economics.
- Solberg, H.A., Hanstad, D.V., & Thöring, T.A. (2010). “Doping in elite sport, do the fans care? Public opinion on the consequences of doping scandals”. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 11(3): 185-199.
- Stamm, H., Lamprecht, M., Kamber, M., Marti, B. & Mahler, N. (2008). “The public perception of doping in sport in Switzerland, 1995-2004”. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(3): 235-242.
- Stokburger-Sauer, N., Ratneshwar, S., & Sen, S. (2012). “Drivers of consumer–brand identification”. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29(4): 406-418.
- Tan, L., & Burman, J. (2013). “Effects of Doping Behaviour on Brand Image in Australian Sport”. Department of Marketing & Management, Macquarie University, Sydney Australia.
- Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). “Moral emotions and moral behavior”. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345-372.
- Thomson, M. (2006). “Human brands: Investigating antecedents to consumers’ strong attachments to celebrities”. Journal of Marketing, 70(3): 104-119.
- Thwaites, D., Lowe, B., Monkhouse, L. L., & Barnes, B. R. (2012). “The impact of negative publicity on celebrity ad endorsements”. Psychology & Marketing, 29(9): 663-673.
- Till, B. D., & Shimp, T. A. (1998). “Endorsers in advertising: The case of negative celebrity information”. Journal of Advertising, 27(1): 67-82.
- Um, N. (2013). “Celebrity scandal fallout: How attribution style can protect the sponsor”. Psychology & Marketing, 30(6): 529-541.
- Westbrook, R.A. (1987). “Product/consumption-based affective responses and post purchase processes”. Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 258-270.
- Wilkie, W. (1986). “Consumer behavior”. New York: John Wiley - Wiley and Son, Inc.
- Wilson, B., Stavros, C., & Westberg, K. (2008). “Player transgressions and the management of the sport sponsor relationship”. Public Relations Review, 34(2): 99-107.