University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 3 10 2011 09 23 Investigation of Location and Accessibility of Urmia Sport Centers Concerning National and International Standards Investigation of Location and Accessibility of Urmia Sport Centers Concerning National and International Standards 23791 FA P Sohrabi M Kashef 0000-0003-1944-4464 M Javadi Pour F Hoseini Journal Article The aim of this research was to investigate the location and accessibility of Urmia sport centers concerning national and international standards. The research was applicable, analytical and descriptive. Statistical population consisted of all sport centers of Urmia Physical Education Department. Statistical sample equaled the statistical population (29 sport centers). Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. Binominal test results showed that sport centers were in an average condition from neighborhood and site selection perspective (P=0.05<0.13). From accessibility standard perspective, sport centers were in a poor condition (P=0.05>0.002). Chi-square test results showed that the sport centers did not meet the aesthetic standard as well (P=0.05>0.000). Binominal test results also showed that sport centers were not standard from security and supervision perspective (P=0.05>0.000). Also, information and service criteria did not meet necessary standards (P=0.05>0.026). Neighborhood, site selection and hygiene standards were at an average level and other standards such as accessibility, aesthetics, security, parking, information, facilities for the disabled were poor. The aim of this research was to investigate the location and accessibility of Urmia sport centers concerning national and international standards. The research was applicable, analytical and descriptive. Statistical population consisted of all sport centers of Urmia Physical Education Department. Statistical sample equaled the statistical population (29 sport centers). Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. Binominal test results showed that sport centers were in an average condition from neighborhood and site selection perspective (P=0.05<0.13). From accessibility standard perspective, sport centers were in a poor condition (P=0.05>0.002). Chi-square test results showed that the sport centers did not meet the aesthetic standard as well (P=0.05>0.000). Binominal test results also showed that sport centers were not standard from security and supervision perspective (P=0.05>0.000). Also, information and service criteria did not meet necessary standards (P=0.05>0.026). Neighborhood, site selection and hygiene standards were at an average level and other standards such as accessibility, aesthetics, security, parking, information, facilities for the disabled were poor. accessibility Building. Neighborhood Site Selection Sport Centers https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23791_9096403cb29da13bc9bf505a6d6a30d7.pdf
University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 3 10 2011 09 23 The Barriers to the Development of Sport Cooperatives in Iran Professional Sport with an Emphasis on Article 44 The Barriers to the Development of Sport Cooperatives in Iran Professional Sport with an Emphasis on Article 44 23792 FA E Ali Doust 0000-0002-8909-7122 M Farahani E Naderan Journal Article The purpose of this study was to investigate and to analyze the barriers to the development of sport cooperatives in Iran professional sport with an emphasis on article 44. As this study was qualitative, elites and experts were qualitatively interviewed to identify the most important barriers to the development of sport cooperatives. The sample consisted of those subjects who provided the most relevant data (35 interviews and 26 subjects). Based on the common procedures of qualitative researches, data were obtained and analyzed simultaneously. Results showed that the barriers to the development of sport cooperatives were divided into two general groups; first group were general barriers in the cooperative sector in economic environment of the country; second group were specific barriers to the development of sport cooperatives in professional sport. The most recognized barriers included: varied and inconsistent rules for cooperatives, weak structure of governmental cooperatives, lack of definite rules for the activity of sport cooperatives, absence of clear definition of ownership of cooperative clubs, lack of cooperative culture and corporate ownership in professional sport clubs, and disbelief of some experts and specialists in the efficiency of cooperative sector in professional sport. The purpose of this study was to investigate and to analyze the barriers to the development of sport cooperatives in Iran professional sport with an emphasis on article 44. As this study was qualitative, elites and experts were qualitatively interviewed to identify the most important barriers to the development of sport cooperatives. The sample consisted of those subjects who provided the most relevant data (35 interviews and 26 subjects). Based on the common procedures of qualitative researches, data were obtained and analyzed simultaneously. Results showed that the barriers to the development of sport cooperatives were divided into two general groups; first group were general barriers in the cooperative sector in economic environment of the country; second group were specific barriers to the development of sport cooperatives in professional sport. The most recognized barriers included: varied and inconsistent rules for cooperatives, weak structure of governmental cooperatives, lack of definite rules for the activity of sport cooperatives, absence of clear definition of ownership of cooperative clubs, lack of cooperative culture and corporate ownership in professional sport clubs, and disbelief of some experts and specialists in the efficiency of cooperative sector in professional sport. corporate ownership football. Privatization professional club https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23792_a3e8b5e0becdbfb1b1c706b452b6c388.pdf
University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 3 10 2011 09 23 Analysis of Aesthetics of Television Live Broadcast of Soccer Matches Analysis of Aesthetics of Television Live Broadcast of Soccer Matches 23793 FA Abolfazl Abedi Journal Article The purpose of this research was to aesthetically investigate and to analyze live multi-camera television broadcast of soccer matches. The research method was qualitative with in-depth and semi-open interviews. The statistical population consisted of 15 national and international sport producers and directors out of which 10 subjects were purposively selected as the sample of the study. This study investigated those factors of aesthetical reproduction of these sport events. One of the important factors for this kind of production was the camera positioning due to the rules of soccer (it is possible to use 32 cameras for live broadcast of a soccer match). Live broadcast of soccer matches is in fact a kind of story telling by cameras. Live broadcast of a sport event is quite the same as a television drama which has a starting point, the middle and an ending point but contrary to a drama, it has an unpredictable end. The results of this research were the same as previous findings and reviews and therefore it is suggested that sport production teams and especially directors should gain soccer knowledge in addition to aesthetic knowledge to promote the aesthetic aspect of live sport events such as soccer. The purpose of this research was to aesthetically investigate and to analyze live multi-camera television broadcast of soccer matches. The research method was qualitative with in-depth and semi-open interviews. The statistical population consisted of 15 national and international sport producers and directors out of which 10 subjects were purposively selected as the sample of the study. This study investigated those factors of aesthetical reproduction of these sport events. One of the important factors for this kind of production was the camera positioning due to the rules of soccer (it is possible to use 32 cameras for live broadcast of a soccer match). Live broadcast of soccer matches is in fact a kind of story telling by cameras. Live broadcast of a sport event is quite the same as a television drama which has a starting point, the middle and an ending point but contrary to a drama, it has an unpredictable end. The results of this research were the same as previous findings and reviews and therefore it is suggested that sport production teams and especially directors should gain soccer knowledge in addition to aesthetic knowledge to promote the aesthetic aspect of live sport events such as soccer. Aesthetics live television sport event soccer. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23793_404e0793ba47ba6ec7b52aefe9ac9cfb.pdf
University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 3 10 2011 09 23 The Study of Organizational Justice Factors in National Olympic and Paralympics Academy The Study of Organizational Justice Factors in National Olympic and Paralympics Academy 23794 FA Amin Khatibi 0000-0003-4921-5638 H Asadi M Hamidi J Seif Journal Article The purpose of this research was to study the organizational justice factors (distributive justice of tasks, distributive justice of rewards, procedural justice, interpersonal justice, informational justice) in National Olympic and Paralympics Academy (NOPA). Statistical population of this research included all employees of NOPA and the statistical sample equaled the statistical population (n=59). Questionnaire of organizational justice by Rego and Cunha (2006) was used and distributed after the validity and reliability (a=0.92) had been confirmed. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson correlation coefficient, Multivariate regression, independent t test and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The results of the study indicated a positive significant relationship between distributive justice of rewards and distributive justice of tasks; there was a positive significant relationship between procedural justice with distributive justice of rewards and informational justice; there was a positive significant relationship between informational justice with distributive justice of tasks and distributive justice of rewards while there was not a significant relationship between four factors of organizational justice (distributive justice of rewards, distributive justice of tasks, procedural justice, informational justice) and interpersonal justice. Also, there was not a significant relationship between procedural justice and distributive justice of tasks. Regression analysis indicated that all five factors of justice could predict the organizational justice. The results of this study suggested that if managers ignore the justice status in the academy, irreparable consequences for Iran championship sport may happen. The purpose of this research was to study the organizational justice factors (distributive justice of tasks, distributive justice of rewards, procedural justice, interpersonal justice, informational justice) in National Olympic and Paralympics Academy (NOPA). Statistical population of this research included all employees of NOPA and the statistical sample equaled the statistical population (n=59). Questionnaire of organizational justice by Rego and Cunha (2006) was used and distributed after the validity and reliability (a=0.92) had been confirmed. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson correlation coefficient, Multivariate regression, independent t test and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The results of the study indicated a positive significant relationship between distributive justice of rewards and distributive justice of tasks; there was a positive significant relationship between procedural justice with distributive justice of rewards and informational justice; there was a positive significant relationship between informational justice with distributive justice of tasks and distributive justice of rewards while there was not a significant relationship between four factors of organizational justice (distributive justice of rewards, distributive justice of tasks, procedural justice, informational justice) and interpersonal justice. Also, there was not a significant relationship between procedural justice and distributive justice of tasks. Regression analysis indicated that all five factors of justice could predict the organizational justice. The results of this study suggested that if managers ignore the justice status in the academy, irreparable consequences for Iran championship sport may happen. National Olympic and Paralympics Academy (NOPA) National Olympic Committee. Organizational Justice https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23794_ac1c5565b796d53bcf81a746298dd393.pdf
University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 3 10 2011 09 23 Determination of the Relationships between Perfectionism and Social Physique Anxiety in Women with Regular Physical Activity Determination of the Relationships between Perfectionism and Social Physique Anxiety in Women with Regular Physical Activity 23795 FA Reza Shajie H Kouzechian M Amiri F Eghbali Journal Article The aim of the current descriptive study was to determine the relationship between perfectionism and social physique anxiety in women with regular physical activity. For this purpose, Frost (1990) multidimensional perfectionism scale, the social physique anxiety (SPA) questionnaire of Hart et al. (1989) and EBC scale of Cardinal (1997) were administered to 229 women who participated in Mashhad physical fitness centers and had regular physical activity for more than 30 days. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, Kolmogorov – Smirnov, Mann – Whitney U and independent t tests. Results showed that mean scores of SPA and perfectionism were 31.87+8.02 and 111.50+12.91 respectively. There was a significant difference between subjects' perfectionism (t = -1.754, p = 0.002) and parental criticism (z = -2.563, p = 0.010) and organization (t = -1.459, p = 0.025) subscales with an emphasis on action and maintenance stages of exercise behavior. Also, there was a significant relationship between SPA and perfectionism of women with regular physical activity (r = 0.185, p = 0.015). It seems that regular physical activity was related to medium levels of perfectionism and social physique anxiety. The aim of the current descriptive study was to determine the relationship between perfectionism and social physique anxiety in women with regular physical activity. For this purpose, Frost (1990) multidimensional perfectionism scale, the social physique anxiety (SPA) questionnaire of Hart et al. (1989) and EBC scale of Cardinal (1997) were administered to 229 women who participated in Mashhad physical fitness centers and had regular physical activity for more than 30 days. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, Kolmogorov – Smirnov, Mann – Whitney U and independent t tests. Results showed that mean scores of SPA and perfectionism were 31.87+8.02 and 111.50+12.91 respectively. There was a significant difference between subjects' perfectionism (t = -1.754, p = 0.002) and parental criticism (z = -2.563, p = 0.010) and organization (t = -1.459, p = 0.025) subscales with an emphasis on action and maintenance stages of exercise behavior. Also, there was a significant relationship between SPA and perfectionism of women with regular physical activity (r = 0.185, p = 0.015). It seems that regular physical activity was related to medium levels of perfectionism and social physique anxiety. Perfectionism regular physical activity Social physique anxiety Women https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23795_e4f21e330c765549a3693c71d596563a.pdf
University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 3 10 2011 09 23 Determination of Appropriate Approaches in Development of Iran Football and Comparison with Football Approaches in Selected Countries Determination of Appropriate Approaches in Development of Iran Football and Comparison with Football Approaches in Selected Countries 23796 FA M Naderi M Ehsani 0000-0002-6014-0828 M Khabiri M Amiri Journal Article The aim of this study was to determine the main approaches in the development of Iran football and also to compare them to football approaches in selected countries to determine appropriate approaches. This study was descriptive (survey) and data were collected by a combined procedure (literature review) and a researcher-made questionnaire was used. The sample consisted of 92 football federation managers, football management experts and elites. To analyze the data, Friedman test (p<0.05) was used. Results showed that the most appropriate approaches in the development of football in Iran were educational and community-based approaches. These approaches were used to develop and direct football developmental plans in many countries such as Sweden, Japan, USA, Canada, New Zealand, England, Australia and Ireland. The aim of this study was to determine the main approaches in the development of Iran football and also to compare them to football approaches in selected countries to determine appropriate approaches. This study was descriptive (survey) and data were collected by a combined procedure (literature review) and a researcher-made questionnaire was used. The sample consisted of 92 football federation managers, football management experts and elites. To analyze the data, Friedman test (p<0.05) was used. Results showed that the most appropriate approaches in the development of football in Iran were educational and community-based approaches. These approaches were used to develop and direct football developmental plans in many countries such as Sweden, Japan, USA, Canada, New Zealand, England, Australia and Ireland. Community-Based Approach Educational Approach Football Development. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23796_aa97f5d3df9cd7dbebdf1d8a1a1226aa.pdf
University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 3 10 2011 09 23 Chivalry, Courage, Heroicness, Championship and Sport at the Time of Safavieh Dynasty Chivalry, Courage, Heroicness, Championship and Sport at the Time of Safavieh Dynasty 23797 FA H Yazdi Journal Article The purpose of this study was to review the role and importance of chivalry, heroicness and sport at the time of Safavieh dynasty. The researcher tried to find out the role of athletes in forming Safavieh dynasty, in gaining stability, glory and power for Iran and in diminishing this dynasty as well as to investigate this fact that when Safavieh dynasty was stronger, the role of sport and athletes was more important while when Safavieh dynasty was weak, the role of chivalry, heroicness and sport was weak. The first Safavieh rulers (from Shah Ismail Safavieh, the founder of this dynasty who was titled "The Knight" by Europeans to Shah Abbas I who was titled "The Great") gained great glory, power and welfare for Iran. Actually, as they were all heroes, champions and athletes, their subservient group and people turned to heroicness and sport. In fact, sport and heroicness received a great value and improved greatly. In the other side, when rulers of the end of Safavieh dynasty were characterless, heroes, champions and athletes weakened as well and sport and athletes declined. In conclusion, whenever rulers, authorities of a country are champions and athletes and support sport, heroicness and championship will develop. In other words, when the rulers and managers of the society are weak and unmotivated, sport will decrease and decline. The purpose of this study was to review the role and importance of chivalry, heroicness and sport at the time of Safavieh dynasty. The researcher tried to find out the role of athletes in forming Safavieh dynasty, in gaining stability, glory and power for Iran and in diminishing this dynasty as well as to investigate this fact that when Safavieh dynasty was stronger, the role of sport and athletes was more important while when Safavieh dynasty was weak, the role of chivalry, heroicness and sport was weak. The first Safavieh rulers (from Shah Ismail Safavieh, the founder of this dynasty who was titled "The Knight" by Europeans to Shah Abbas I who was titled "The Great") gained great glory, power and welfare for Iran. Actually, as they were all heroes, champions and athletes, their subservient group and people turned to heroicness and sport. In fact, sport and heroicness received a great value and improved greatly. In the other side, when rulers of the end of Safavieh dynasty were characterless, heroes, champions and athletes weakened as well and sport and athletes declined. In conclusion, whenever rulers, authorities of a country are champions and athletes and support sport, heroicness and championship will develop. In other words, when the rulers and managers of the society are weak and unmotivated, sport will decrease and decline. Chivalry Courage Heroicness Horse riding Safaviyeh dynasty Shooting. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23797_132f222c336f78ae7a3158b2c7786d05.pdf
University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 3 10 2011 09 23 The Investigation of Difference of Information Resources in Elite and Sub–Elite Athletes in Self-Evaluation of Their Performance The Investigation of Difference of Information Resources in Elite and Sub–Elite Athletes in Self-Evaluation of Their Performance 23798 FA Ali Yalfani GH Bahar M Khodamoradpour Journal Article The aim of the present study was to determine the difference of information resources used by elite and sub–elite athletes when self–evaluating their performance. The statistical population included 170 elite and sub-elite athletes in Sanandaj city and 120 participants were randomly selected as the sample of the study based on Krejcie and Morgan formula. To collect the data, Wayment (2002) self – evaluation questionnaire which investigated 10 information resources was used. The face validity as well as the content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by some physical education experts. Using Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient, the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated to be 0.88. In addition to descriptive statistics, inferential statistics such ANOVA were used for data analysis. Findings revealed a significant difference between elite and sub – elite athletes in the use of objective information resources (P<0.00), personal standards (P<0.03), personal fear (P<0.00) and hope for future (P<0.02). The results also indicated no significant difference between male and female elite athletes in the use of information resources (P>0.05). There were also no significant differences between elite athletes of individual and team sports in the use of information resources in self-evaluation (P>0.05). It is, then, concluded that the skill level of athletes can be the main factor of using information resources to self-evaluate their performance. The aim of the present study was to determine the difference of information resources used by elite and sub–elite athletes when self–evaluating their performance. The statistical population included 170 elite and sub-elite athletes in Sanandaj city and 120 participants were randomly selected as the sample of the study based on Krejcie and Morgan formula. To collect the data, Wayment (2002) self – evaluation questionnaire which investigated 10 information resources was used. The face validity as well as the content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by some physical education experts. Using Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient, the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated to be 0.88. In addition to descriptive statistics, inferential statistics such ANOVA were used for data analysis. Findings revealed a significant difference between elite and sub – elite athletes in the use of objective information resources (P<0.00), personal standards (P<0.03), personal fear (P<0.00) and hope for future (P<0.02). The results also indicated no significant difference between male and female elite athletes in the use of information resources (P>0.05). There were also no significant differences between elite athletes of individual and team sports in the use of information resources in self-evaluation (P>0.05). It is, then, concluded that the skill level of athletes can be the main factor of using information resources to self-evaluate their performance. City of Sanandaj. elite and sub-elite athletes information resources performance Self – evaluation https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23798_67236033be4f58d696d0d4ada931c543.pdf
University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 3 10 2011 09 23 The Identification of Effective Factors in the Development of Women's Physical Education and Sport in Islamic Republic of Iran The Identification of Effective Factors in the Development of Women's Physical Education and Sport in Islamic Republic of Iran 23799 FA M Monazami Sh Alam Nahid Boushehri Journal Article The aim of this research was to identify those effective factors in the development of women's physical education and sport in Islamic Republic of Iran. This was a descriptive field research and the data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. The research population consisted of female physical education and sport managers in 1388 (deputies of women affairs in Physical Education Organization, female heads of sport federations, female deputies of sport federations, deputies of women sport development in provinces and female heads of sport boards in provinces). The results showed that "financial and facilities factors", "human and technical factors", "structural and managerial" and "cultural and social factors" sequentially affected the development of women's physical education and sport. The aim of this research was to identify those effective factors in the development of women's physical education and sport in Islamic Republic of Iran. This was a descriptive field research and the data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. The research population consisted of female physical education and sport managers in 1388 (deputies of women affairs in Physical Education Organization, female heads of sport federations, female deputies of sport federations, deputies of women sport development in provinces and female heads of sport boards in provinces). The results showed that "financial and facilities factors", "human and technical factors", "structural and managerial" and "cultural and social factors" sequentially affected the development of women's physical education and sport. Development physical education Sport Women. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23799_39dcd6ada1d4637541f550101c5beead.pdf