University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 2 7 2010 12 22 The Role of Goal Orientation and Moral Identity on Predicting Prosocial and Antisocial Moral Functioning in Football The Role of Goal Orientation and Moral Identity on Predicting Prosocial and Antisocial Moral Functioning in Football 5 23 23764 FA Mohammad Keshtidar Mohammad Jahangiri Mohammad Rahimi Journal Article The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of task and ego goal orientation and moral identity on prosocial and antisocial judgment and behavior in football. Randomly, 268 players were selected as the sample of this study. To collect data, questionnaires including perception of success questionnaire, the internalization dimension of the self-importance of moral identity scale, prosocial and antisocial functioning and Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale were used. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression (0.05). Regression analysis revealed no significant main effects of goal orientations and moral identity on prosocial judgment and behavior. However, a significant interactional effect was observed between task and ego orientation and prosocial judgment (p<0.05). Goal orientation and moral identity together explained 7% of the variance in antisocial judgment and 17% of the variance in antisocial behavior. The present findings underscored the importance to examine the interactional effects between task and ego orientation on predicting moral variables. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of task and ego goal orientation and moral identity on prosocial and antisocial judgment and behavior in football. Randomly, 268 players were selected as the sample of this study. To collect data, questionnaires including perception of success questionnaire, the internalization dimension of the self-importance of moral identity scale, prosocial and antisocial functioning and Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale were used. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression (0.05). Regression analysis revealed no significant main effects of goal orientations and moral identity on prosocial judgment and behavior. However, a significant interactional effect was observed between task and ego orientation and prosocial judgment (p<0.05). Goal orientation and moral identity together explained 7% of the variance in antisocial judgment and 17% of the variance in antisocial behavior. The present findings underscored the importance to examine the interactional effects between task and ego orientation on predicting moral variables. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23764_241bf752bca8e0f0cd7ed4c68b791c55.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 2 7 2010 12 22 The Relationship between Coaches’ Leadership Styles and Power Sources in Iranian Super League Volleyball Teams from Players’ Point of View The Relationship between Coaches’ Leadership Styles and Power Sources in Iranian Super League Volleyball Teams from Players’ Point of View 23765 FA Gelare Tahami Nasrollah Sajadi 0000-0001-8529-7090 Mohamad Khabiri Alireza Elahi 0000-0002-4810-1949 Journal Article The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between leadership style and power source of coaches in Iranian super league volleyball teams from players’ point of view as well as to prioritize leadership styles and power sources in coaches of all teams. For this purpose, all Iranian super league volleyball team players in season 2008-2009 completed the Leadership Scale for Sport (Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980) and Power Source questionnaire (Sussman & Deep, 1989). The validity of these questionnaires was confirmed by 10 sport management professors, and reliability coefficient was respectively acquired through Cronbach's alpha ( =0.83) and Kuder-Richardson 21 (r21=0.70). Out of 157 questionnaires distributed, 142 questionnaires were received and analyzed with K-S test, Friedman test and Spearman correlation coefficient. Results showed that leadership styles of coaches were prioritized as ‘instruction and training’, ‘social support’, ‘positive feedback’, ‘autocratic’, and ‘democratic’. Power sources of coaches also were prioritized as ‘expert’, ‘legitimate’, ‘referent’, ‘reward’, and ‘coercive powers’. There was a significant correlation between ‘instruction and training’ style with ‘expert power’ (r=0.173, p?0.05) and also between ‘social support’ style with ‘expert power’ (r=0.165, p? 0.05). Regarding Hersey and Blanchard theory of situational leadership, the results were justifiable. Regarding the research domain, more researches on different sport societies are required to achieve better judgment and results. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between leadership style and power source of coaches in Iranian super league volleyball teams from players’ point of view as well as to prioritize leadership styles and power sources in coaches of all teams. For this purpose, all Iranian super league volleyball team players in season 2008-2009 completed the Leadership Scale for Sport (Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980) and Power Source questionnaire (Sussman & Deep, 1989). The validity of these questionnaires was confirmed by 10 sport management professors, and reliability coefficient was respectively acquired through Cronbach's alpha ( =0.83) and Kuder-Richardson 21 (r21=0.70). Out of 157 questionnaires distributed, 142 questionnaires were received and analyzed with K-S test, Friedman test and Spearman correlation coefficient. Results showed that leadership styles of coaches were prioritized as ‘instruction and training’, ‘social support’, ‘positive feedback’, ‘autocratic’, and ‘democratic’. Power sources of coaches also were prioritized as ‘expert’, ‘legitimate’, ‘referent’, ‘reward’, and ‘coercive powers’. There was a significant correlation between ‘instruction and training’ style with ‘expert power’ (r=0.173, p?0.05) and also between ‘social support’ style with ‘expert power’ (r=0.165, p? 0.05). Regarding Hersey and Blanchard theory of situational leadership, the results were justifiable. Regarding the research domain, more researches on different sport societies are required to achieve better judgment and results. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23765_82ce994baf8f5e47f62f12b35adecf03.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 2 7 2010 12 22 The Relationship between Locus of Control (LOC) and General Health (GH) in Athletes and Non – Athlete Male Students in Tehran University The Relationship between Locus of Control (LOC) and General Health (GH) in Athletes and Non – Athlete Male Students in Tehran University 23766 FA Gholamreza Shabanibahar Ali Yalfani Sajad Gh Journal Article The aim of this research was to study the relationship between locus of control (LOC) and general health (GH) in athletes and non – athlete male students in Tehran University. For this purpose, 206 athlete and non – athlete university stundents (age: 18 – 25 years old) were selected randomly. The research method used in this study was ex post facto – descriptive. Ratter's locus of control inventory and general health inventory were used to collect the data. In order to analyze the data, independent – sample t-test, Pearson and Kendall correlation coefficient tests as well as SPSS 15 software were used.The results showed a significant difference in LOC and GH between athlete and non – athlete male university students (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between LOC and GH with athletic perseverance in athlete students (P<0.05). On the other hand, there was a significant and positive relationship between LOC and GH in athlete male university students (P<0.05). Generally, the results showed that athlete students enjoyed a more internalized locus of control and better condition of general health when compared with non – athlete students. The aim of this research was to study the relationship between locus of control (LOC) and general health (GH) in athletes and non – athlete male students in Tehran University. For this purpose, 206 athlete and non – athlete university stundents (age: 18 – 25 years old) were selected randomly. The research method used in this study was ex post facto – descriptive. Ratter's locus of control inventory and general health inventory were used to collect the data. In order to analyze the data, independent – sample t-test, Pearson and Kendall correlation coefficient tests as well as SPSS 15 software were used.The results showed a significant difference in LOC and GH between athlete and non – athlete male university students (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between LOC and GH with athletic perseverance in athlete students (P<0.05). On the other hand, there was a significant and positive relationship between LOC and GH in athlete male university students (P<0.05). Generally, the results showed that athlete students enjoyed a more internalized locus of control and better condition of general health when compared with non – athlete students. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23766_98ed037c165c8ff9f4afefbe86f08c84.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 2 7 2010 12 22 The Relationship between Participative Management and Resistance of Physical Education Teachers to Change The Relationship between Participative Management and Resistance of Physical Education Teachers to Change 23767 FA A Farahani 0000-0002-0417-5858 Hasan Asadi A Aghajani Journal Article The aim of the present study was to recognize and examine different aspects of participative management and resistance of physical education female teachers to changes of educational and training methods in district 7. This was a descriptive correlational study. Statistical population included female teachers of physical education who taught 12 hours a week (N=81). Because they were limited in number, all of them were selected as the sample of the study. Two questionnaires (participative management questionnaire and resistance to change questionnaire) were used to gather the data. The first questionnaire included 4 elements, each of which separately consisted of 6 questions which as a result formed 20 questions totally.Other questionnaire consisted of 18 questions. The reliability of participative management was determined by Cronbach’s alpha (0.75) and the reliability of resistance to change as (0.96). Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS 11 software. The results showed a significant negative and reverse relationship between participative management and resistance to change (r = -0.35, P<0.05). Furthermore, the same relationship existed between participation in decision making and problem solving (r = -0.239, P<0.05), participation in execution and performance (r=-0.465, P<0.05) and participation in supervision and control (r = -0.240, p<0.05) with resistance to change. But, there was no relationship between participation in planning and goal determination (r = -0.157, p>0.05) with resistance to change. The aim of the present study was to recognize and examine different aspects of participative management and resistance of physical education female teachers to changes of educational and training methods in district 7. This was a descriptive correlational study. Statistical population included female teachers of physical education who taught 12 hours a week (N=81). Because they were limited in number, all of them were selected as the sample of the study. Two questionnaires (participative management questionnaire and resistance to change questionnaire) were used to gather the data. The first questionnaire included 4 elements, each of which separately consisted of 6 questions which as a result formed 20 questions totally.Other questionnaire consisted of 18 questions. The reliability of participative management was determined by Cronbach’s alpha (0.75) and the reliability of resistance to change as (0.96). Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS 11 software. The results showed a significant negative and reverse relationship between participative management and resistance to change (r = -0.35, P<0.05). Furthermore, the same relationship existed between participation in decision making and problem solving (r = -0.239, P<0.05), participation in execution and performance (r=-0.465, P<0.05) and participation in supervision and control (r = -0.240, p<0.05) with resistance to change. But, there was no relationship between participation in planning and goal determination (r = -0.157, p>0.05) with resistance to change. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23767_d6ea02b23d9ba70ecc548116b406c851.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 2 7 2010 12 22 The Correlation Matrix between Five Personality Traits and Methods to Confront Conflict The Correlation Matrix between Five Personality Traits and Methods to Confront Conflict 23768 FA Hamide Dehghani Mehrzad Hamidi J Seif Journal Article The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between five personality traits and the methods to confront conflicts in physical education teachers (Yazd city). The research used a descriptive and correlational method. The statistical population consisted of all physical education teachers in districts one and two in Yazd city (N=125). The statistical sample was similar to the statistical population, but the data of 105 subjects were analyzed. Two questionnaires of Robbins conflict management and personality traits (big five model) were used to collect the data. Descriptive and inferential statistics (KS test and Pearson correlation coefficient) were used to analyze the data. The results showed that among five personality traits, agreeableness (51%±8.3) had the highest mean and solution-oriented strategy (44%) was the most useful method to confront conflicts. The other findings also showed that a significant relationship between agreeableness with solution-oriented strategy and control strategy, conscience with solution-oriented strategy and non-coping strategy, openness to experience with control strategy. There was no significant relationship between other personality traits and methods to confront with conflict. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between five personality traits and the methods to confront conflicts in physical education teachers (Yazd city). The research used a descriptive and correlational method. The statistical population consisted of all physical education teachers in districts one and two in Yazd city (N=125). The statistical sample was similar to the statistical population, but the data of 105 subjects were analyzed. Two questionnaires of Robbins conflict management and personality traits (big five model) were used to collect the data. Descriptive and inferential statistics (KS test and Pearson correlation coefficient) were used to analyze the data. The results showed that among five personality traits, agreeableness (51%±8.3) had the highest mean and solution-oriented strategy (44%) was the most useful method to confront conflicts. The other findings also showed that a significant relationship between agreeableness with solution-oriented strategy and control strategy, conscience with solution-oriented strategy and non-coping strategy, openness to experience with control strategy. There was no significant relationship between other personality traits and methods to confront with conflict. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23768_c7529b8e425f81f2d9b65a162002f19d.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 2 7 2010 12 22 The Comparison of Quality of Life between Participants and Non-Participants in Sport for All The Comparison of Quality of Life between Participants and Non-Participants in Sport for All 23769 FA Rahim Ramezani M.K Vaez Robab Mokhtari Journal Article The purpose of this study was to compare the quality of life in participants and non-participants who took part in sport for all in Ardabill city. 226 active subjects (72 women and 152 men) in sport for all stations and 539 non-participants (208 women and 331 men) were selected as the sample of the study. The Quality of Life (QLQ) questionnaire included 72 questions which measured 6 factors of quality of life. The internal consistency of this questionnaire was R = 0.85 and in this study it was estimated 0.81. Data were analyzed by t test and Mann Whiney U Test (P 0.05). The results indicated a significant difference in quality of life between the two groups. That is, participants’ quality of life, physical well-being subscales, job satisfaction, creative / aesthetic behavior and social relations were found to be better than non-participants. Also, those men and women who took part in sport for all had better life quality scores in comparison with male and female non-participants. The purpose of this study was to compare the quality of life in participants and non-participants who took part in sport for all in Ardabill city. 226 active subjects (72 women and 152 men) in sport for all stations and 539 non-participants (208 women and 331 men) were selected as the sample of the study. The Quality of Life (QLQ) questionnaire included 72 questions which measured 6 factors of quality of life. The internal consistency of this questionnaire was R = 0.85 and in this study it was estimated 0.81. Data were analyzed by t test and Mann Whiney U Test (P 0.05). The results indicated a significant difference in quality of life between the two groups. That is, participants’ quality of life, physical well-being subscales, job satisfaction, creative / aesthetic behavior and social relations were found to be better than non-participants. Also, those men and women who took part in sport for all had better life quality scores in comparison with male and female non-participants. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23769_1c51851b7a12eed5c6ddbee10e6ea94c.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 2 7 2010 12 22 To Determine the Relationship between Employees’ Empowerment and Organizational Learning in Physical Education Organization To Determine the Relationship between Employees’ Empowerment and Organizational Learning in Physical Education Organization 23770 FA Kazem Dastgerdi Mahmoud Goudarzi Hasan Asadi Mehdi Dastgerdi Journal Article The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between employees’ empowerment and organizational learning in Physical Education Organization. The research used a descriptive correlation method. Statistical population consisted of all employees in Physical Education Organization (N=722) and based on Cochran sampling method, 250 subjects were selected for the statistical sample. The data were gathered by questionnaires of personal characteristics, Spreitzer empowerment (a=0.88), and Scheffe’s organizational learning (?=0.87). Descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation coefficient, Kolmogorov Smirnov and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the data (a=0.01). Also, SPSS 15 and EXEL software was used. The results showed a positive and powerful significant relationship between impact (r = 0.496), competence (r = 0.241), meaningfulness (r = 0.186) with organizational learning (P=0.01, r=0.830). Multivariate regression analysis showed that out of five dimensions of empowerment, only three dimensions ( meaningfulness, competence, and impact) determined approximately 79% of organizational learning variance (P<0.01). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between employees’ empowerment and organizational learning in Physical Education Organization. The research used a descriptive correlation method. Statistical population consisted of all employees in Physical Education Organization (N=722) and based on Cochran sampling method, 250 subjects were selected for the statistical sample. The data were gathered by questionnaires of personal characteristics, Spreitzer empowerment (a=0.88), and Scheffe’s organizational learning (?=0.87). Descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation coefficient, Kolmogorov Smirnov and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the data (a=0.01). Also, SPSS 15 and EXEL software was used. The results showed a positive and powerful significant relationship between impact (r = 0.496), competence (r = 0.241), meaningfulness (r = 0.186) with organizational learning (P=0.01, r=0.830). Multivariate regression analysis showed that out of five dimensions of empowerment, only three dimensions ( meaningfulness, competence, and impact) determined approximately 79% of organizational learning variance (P<0.01). https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23770_14bc3485c0d01cc69c3d9b14c9a7926c.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 2 7 2010 12 22 The Relationship among Employees’ Empowerment, Organizational Commitment and Job Commitment in Physical Education Organization of Tehran province The Relationship among Employees’ Empowerment, Organizational Commitment and Job Commitment in Physical Education Organization of Tehran province 23771 FA Mir Hasan Ameri Mohamadreza Esmaeili Journal Article The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among employees’ empowerment, organizational commitment and job commitment in Physical Education Organization of Tehran province. The statistical population included all personnel in Physical Education Organization of Tehran province out of which 150 subjects were selected through stratified random sampling. a) Spreitzer's (1995) empowerment questionnaire, b) organizational commitment questionnaire (Mowday et al., 1979), and c) job commitment questionnaire adapted from Blau (1985); Landy and Guion (1970) were used to collect the data. Correlation analysis and multiple regressions indicated were used to analyze the data. The results showed a positive significant relationship among employees’ empowerment, organizational commitment, and job commitment and also between organizational commitment and job commitment. The findings of multiple regression indicated that ‘meaningfulness’ and ‘impact’ turned out to be significant in predicting organizational commitment and job commitment. Accordingly, managers are recommended to apply empowerment techniques in order to improve organizational commitment and job commitment. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among employees’ empowerment, organizational commitment and job commitment in Physical Education Organization of Tehran province. The statistical population included all personnel in Physical Education Organization of Tehran province out of which 150 subjects were selected through stratified random sampling. a) Spreitzer's (1995) empowerment questionnaire, b) organizational commitment questionnaire (Mowday et al., 1979), and c) job commitment questionnaire adapted from Blau (1985); Landy and Guion (1970) were used to collect the data. Correlation analysis and multiple regressions indicated were used to analyze the data. The results showed a positive significant relationship among employees’ empowerment, organizational commitment, and job commitment and also between organizational commitment and job commitment. The findings of multiple regression indicated that ‘meaningfulness’ and ‘impact’ turned out to be significant in predicting organizational commitment and job commitment. Accordingly, managers are recommended to apply empowerment techniques in order to improve organizational commitment and job commitment. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23771_d8c5a0341cfbe616d33c7657d5b71568.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 2 7 2010 12 22 The Investigation of Motives and Reasons of Non-Physical Education Graduates to Participate in Postgraduate Physical Education Discipline The Investigation of Motives and Reasons of Non-Physical Education Graduates to Participate in Postgraduate Physical Education Discipline 23772 FA Majid Jalali Ebrahim Ali Doust 0000-0002-8909-7122 Journal Article The purpose of this study was to investigate the motives and reasons of non-physical education graduates to continue their education in postgraduate physical education discipline. Research method was descriptive. The statistical sample of the research consisted of physical education students of the universities in Tehran who were studying in 2009-2010 educational disciplines. 136 subjects were selected randomly from five universities (Tehran, Tarbiat Modares, Tarbiat Moallem, Allameh Tabataba’i and Shahid Beheshti) as the sample. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data and the reliability and validity was conformed through the scientific methods. Mann Whitney U test and factor analysis tests were used to analyze the data. The results of the research showed that interest was the most important factor to choose an educational discipline. Importance of physical education discipline and society’s need for this discipline were among important reasons to choose postgraduate physical education discipline. The most important reason of non-physical education graduates to select the postgraduate physical education discipline was their interest in this discipline. The comparison of mean percents of each lesson between physical education graduates and non- physical education graduates showed a significant difference in percents of sport medicine and corrective exercise courses (P=0.014) and specialized and general English courses (P=0.018) no significant difference in other courses. The investigation of all aspects of physical education discipline and redesign of postgraduate courses is suggested to select the most qualified students to study postgraduate physical education discipline. The purpose of this study was to investigate the motives and reasons of non-physical education graduates to continue their education in postgraduate physical education discipline. Research method was descriptive. The statistical sample of the research consisted of physical education students of the universities in Tehran who were studying in 2009-2010 educational disciplines. 136 subjects were selected randomly from five universities (Tehran, Tarbiat Modares, Tarbiat Moallem, Allameh Tabataba’i and Shahid Beheshti) as the sample. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data and the reliability and validity was conformed through the scientific methods. Mann Whitney U test and factor analysis tests were used to analyze the data. The results of the research showed that interest was the most important factor to choose an educational discipline. Importance of physical education discipline and society’s need for this discipline were among important reasons to choose postgraduate physical education discipline. The most important reason of non-physical education graduates to select the postgraduate physical education discipline was their interest in this discipline. The comparison of mean percents of each lesson between physical education graduates and non- physical education graduates showed a significant difference in percents of sport medicine and corrective exercise courses (P=0.014) and specialized and general English courses (P=0.018) no significant difference in other courses. The investigation of all aspects of physical education discipline and redesign of postgraduate courses is suggested to select the most qualified students to study postgraduate physical education discipline. https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_23772_84c4e1ac8fbeda6115497c44daa03e10.pdf