University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Modeling the Outcomes of Brand Globalization of the Iranian Football Pro-League Modeling the Outcomes of Brand Globalization of the Iranian Football Pro-League 18 1 81520 10.22059/jsm.2019.266085.2157 FA SAJAD SOROUSH Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4116-0508 Seyed Nasrolah Sajjadi Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-8529-7090 EBRAHIM ALIDOUST GHAHFARROKHI Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-8909-7122 MEHRZAD HAMIDI Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2018 11 20 Abstract Introduction: The main objective of this research was to study the outcomes of brand globalization of the Iranian football pro-league. Methods: In order to achieve the goal and according to the specialty of the subject, qualitative study was used by conducting in-depth interviews with the experts of this subject. The interviews were conducted using snowballing technique and ultimately 20 people (18 Iranian people and 2 foreigners) were interviewed. Finally, the data obtained from the interviews were analyzed by grounded theory method through three stages open, axial, and selective coding. Results: The consequences identified according to the internal and external conditions and the strategic globalization of the brand of Iran's premier football league showed 5 main areas and 32 categories. These areas included: political, economic, legal, structural and cultural-social development. Conclusion: According to the research findings of the positive outcomes of brand globalization of the Iranian football pro-league, it is necessary for the country’s football managers as well as practitioners to provide the required conditions and platforms to move on the path to globalization. Abstract Introduction: The main objective of this research was to study the outcomes of brand globalization of the Iranian football pro-league. Methods: In order to achieve the goal and according to the specialty of the subject, qualitative study was used by conducting in-depth interviews with the experts of this subject. The interviews were conducted using snowballing technique and ultimately 20 people (18 Iranian people and 2 foreigners) were interviewed. Finally, the data obtained from the interviews were analyzed by grounded theory method through three stages open, axial, and selective coding. Results: The consequences identified according to the internal and external conditions and the strategic globalization of the brand of Iran's premier football league showed 5 main areas and 32 categories. These areas included: political, economic, legal, structural and cultural-social development. Conclusion: According to the research findings of the positive outcomes of brand globalization of the Iranian football pro-league, it is necessary for the country’s football managers as well as practitioners to provide the required conditions and platforms to move on the path to globalization.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_81520_fb5a1f17079eb806a7cfc458950b4f65.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 The Experiences of Sport Science Graduates in Sport Clubs: A Phenomenological Approach The Experiences of Sport Science Graduates in Sport Clubs: A Phenomenological Approach 34 19 92449 10.22059/jsm.2020.300220.2445 FA Zeinab Mondalizade Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran 0000-0003-1422-514X Habib Honari Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran Ehsan Shakeri Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran Journal Article 2020 04 05 Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the experiences of sports science graduates working in sports clubs from the view-point of individual experience, environment, and learning in educational background. Methods: Depending on the nature of the research, descriptive phenomenological method was used. Participants in this study were graduates of sport sciences who had been engaged in sporting activities. In this regard, the use of snowball sampling and deep interviewing were used. Sampling continued to reach the theoretical saturation. Results: Accordingly, 8 main themes were extracted: the need for patience, the effort to acquire knowledge and skills, the need for self-confidence, the psychological pressures, the rigidity of the business environment and the workload (obtaining a variety of licenses), the vacuum offered by the curriculum, the quality of engagement of faculty with students in educational processes, innovation in the business process, and the management processes of the faculties of the science of sport. Conclusion: As a result of studying the attitudes and perceptions of graduates of sport sciences on the experiences gained, sport science and business environment showed that the attitudes of graduates to business management was having individual skills and attempts to acquire knowledge and innovation commensurate with the up-to-date changes in sport Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the experiences of sports science graduates working in sports clubs from the view-point of individual experience, environment, and learning in educational background. Methods: Depending on the nature of the research, descriptive phenomenological method was used. Participants in this study were graduates of sport sciences who had been engaged in sporting activities. In this regard, the use of snowball sampling and deep interviewing were used. Sampling continued to reach the theoretical saturation. Results: Accordingly, 8 main themes were extracted: the need for patience, the effort to acquire knowledge and skills, the need for self-confidence, the psychological pressures, the rigidity of the business environment and the workload (obtaining a variety of licenses), the vacuum offered by the curriculum, the quality of engagement of faculty with students in educational processes, innovation in the business process, and the management processes of the faculties of the science of sport. Conclusion: As a result of studying the attitudes and perceptions of graduates of sport sciences on the experiences gained, sport science and business environment showed that the attitudes of graduates to business management was having individual skills and attempts to acquire knowledge and innovation commensurate with the up-to-date changes in sport

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_92449_29ca62999fb055f760af1a9a7a71d0ee.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Identifying Economic Components Affecting Iran's Outsourcing of Sport Identifying Economic Components Affecting Iran's Outsourcing of Sport 55 35 94830 10.22059/jsm.2020.283603.2290 FA Khadijeh Pourzabih Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran 0000-0001-9141-2761 Morteza Dousti Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran 0000-0001-6806-4535 Seid Mohamad Hosein Razavi Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran 0000-0002-9973-5546 Journal Article 2019 07 03 Introduction: Identifying the economic components of Iran's sports outsourcing report. Methods: The method of mixed exploratory research; and the method of data collection was field using semi-structured interviews with experts. The participants of the interview were all experts related to sports outsourcing in the country. The theoretical sampling method was purposeful. In the quantitative section, a researcher-made questionnaire was prepared according to the results obtained from the qualitative stage. The validity of the questionnaire was reviewed and approved by 10 professors. Cronbach's alpha reliability was reported as 0.926 in opportunities and 0.948 in challenges. Analyzes were done using structural data equation method by PLS Smart version.3 software. Results: The economic components of outsourcing in the opportunities sector include income generation, the country's economic growth and national capital production, creating the principle of competitiveness, reducing costs, improving financial performance, expanding the variety of services and products, and in the challenges sector, it includes the government's desire to maintain income-generating areas and Outsourcing of sectors that are not very economical, oil-dependent economy in the Iranian government, non-assignment of tax and customs exemptions to the private sector were respectively identified as the most important economic components affecting outsourcing. Conclusion: The results showed that the identified economic components have an effect on Iran's sports, so focusing on the identified components and developing a comprehensive and coherent plan for outsourcing will lead to economic progress in Iran's sports industry. Introduction: Identifying the economic components of Iran's sports outsourcing report. Methods: The method of mixed exploratory research; and the method of data collection was field using semi-structured interviews with experts. The participants of the interview were all experts related to sports outsourcing in the country. The theoretical sampling method was purposeful. In the quantitative section, a researcher-made questionnaire was prepared according to the results obtained from the qualitative stage. The validity of the questionnaire was reviewed and approved by 10 professors. Cronbach's alpha reliability was reported as 0.926 in opportunities and 0.948 in challenges. Analyzes were done using structural data equation method by PLS Smart version.3 software. Results: The economic components of outsourcing in the opportunities sector include income generation, the country's economic growth and national capital production, creating the principle of competitiveness, reducing costs, improving financial performance, expanding the variety of services and products, and in the challenges sector, it includes the government's desire to maintain income-generating areas and Outsourcing of sectors that are not very economical, oil-dependent economy in the Iranian government, non-assignment of tax and customs exemptions to the private sector were respectively identified as the most important economic components affecting outsourcing. Conclusion: The results showed that the identified economic components have an effect on Iran's sports, so focusing on the identified components and developing a comprehensive and coherent plan for outsourcing will lead to economic progress in Iran's sports industry.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_94830_d6c39cefb92f51a95b2823f2bed5c622.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Obstacles to Participation visually impaired and the Blinds in Physical Activity in Qazvin Obstacles to Participation visually impaired and the Blinds in Physical Activity in Qazvin 69 56 94974 10.22059/jsm.2020.298571.2417 FA Mahnaz Poursalman Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Payame Noor University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0009-0003-4161-2433 Aboualfazl Farahani Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Payame Noor University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-0417-5858 Journal Article 2020 06 23 abstract: Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify barriers to participation of the visually impaired and blind in physical activities in Qazvin. The research method is descriptive and causal and applied research. Methods: The statistical population based on Krejcie and Morgan table included 1398 (N = 1930) blinds and visually impaired in Qazvin, 320 people were selected by regular random sampling. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with 35 questions in 6 components, including individual, temporal, social, cultural, economic and geographical-spatial deterrents in a 5 Likert scale, the validity of which was approved after consultation and approval of 10 experts in this field. Its reliability was calculated to be 0.98 with Cronbach's alpha and distributed among the sample extracted from the statistical population. In this study, descriptive statistics and central indicators such as mean and dispersion indices such as standard deviation and inferential statistics by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to show the distribution status and normality of data and T test to compare the differences between means and Friedman test were used to rank the indicators and influencing factors. Statistical analysis of this study was performed using SPSS software version 23. Results: The results showed that economic, geographical-spatial, social, temporal, cultural and personal barriers create the greatest barriers to the participation of visually impaired and blind people in physical activities, respectively. Research also showed that there are statistically significant differences between prioritizing barriers to participation of visually impaired and blind people in physical activities. Conclusion: If the country's officials want the growth and development of sports among the blind and visually impaired people, they should prevent the destructive consequences of not paying attention to this issue by paying special attention and planning for them. It is obvious that expanding the participation of the blind and partially sighted in physical activities requires the efforts of all officials, families and the individual himself in this field. abstract: Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify barriers to participation of the visually impaired and blind in physical activities in Qazvin. The research method is descriptive and causal and applied research. Methods: The statistical population based on Krejcie and Morgan table included 1398 (N = 1930) blinds and visually impaired in Qazvin, 320 people were selected by regular random sampling. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with 35 questions in 6 components, including individual, temporal, social, cultural, economic and geographical-spatial deterrents in a 5 Likert scale, the validity of which was approved after consultation and approval of 10 experts in this field. Its reliability was calculated to be 0.98 with Cronbach's alpha and distributed among the sample extracted from the statistical population. In this study, descriptive statistics and central indicators such as mean and dispersion indices such as standard deviation and inferential statistics by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to show the distribution status and normality of data and T test to compare the differences between means and Friedman test were used to rank the indicators and influencing factors. Statistical analysis of this study was performed using SPSS software version 23. Results: The results showed that economic, geographical-spatial, social, temporal, cultural and personal barriers create the greatest barriers to the participation of visually impaired and blind people in physical activities, respectively. Research also showed that there are statistically significant differences between prioritizing barriers to participation of visually impaired and blind people in physical activities. Conclusion: If the country's officials want the growth and development of sports among the blind and visually impaired people, they should prevent the destructive consequences of not paying attention to this issue by paying special attention and planning for them. It is obvious that expanding the participation of the blind and partially sighted in physical activities requires the efforts of all officials, families and the individual himself in this field.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_94974_66beeccf7a03d1b7a7a2be4fb6401511.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Presenting the Branding Model of Iran's Sportswear Industry using Grounded Theory Presenting the Branding Model of Iran's Sportswear Industry using Grounded Theory 87 70 83444 10.22059/jsm.2021.312664.2608 FA Mojtaba Joudi Department of Sport Management, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, Qazvin, Iran 0000-0001-6226-2995 Mahdi Naderi Nasab Department of Sport Management, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, Qazvin, Iran Rahim Ramezaninezhad Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Vahid Moghadam Department of Sport Management, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, Qazvin, Iran Journal Article 2020 12 13 Introduction: The aim of this study was to present a branding model of Iranian sportswear industry using data-based theory. Methods: The research method is qualitative with a systematic analysis approach. The statistical population included all senior managers of sports production companies, university professors in the field of sports management and marketing, and scientific documents and resources. A sufficient number of statistical samples based on theoretical saturation were available and purposefully selected (16 people and 24 documents). The research instruments included systematic library study and semi-structured interviews; the validity of the instrument was assessed using desirable qualitative validation methods (content validity). Coding and conceptual framing methods were used to analyze the findings. Results: Conceptual framework of sportswear brand in Iran in 14 general areas including brand capability, brand characteristics, brand competitive advantage, brand love, market developments, economic weakness, sportswear branding, brand reconstruction, social media branding, brand creativity and innovation is the rotation of the sports economy, promoting brand value, improving brand performance and brand loyalty. Conclusion: The framework presented in this study creates an understanding of the dimensions of the sportswear brand based on its relationship with a set of different activities. Based on this framework, it is possible to make an objective assessment of the level of management activities in each sports production company and provide scientific information on the appropriate measures that sports organizations should take for branding. Introduction: The aim of this study was to present a branding model of Iranian sportswear industry using data-based theory. Methods: The research method is qualitative with a systematic analysis approach. The statistical population included all senior managers of sports production companies, university professors in the field of sports management and marketing, and scientific documents and resources. A sufficient number of statistical samples based on theoretical saturation were available and purposefully selected (16 people and 24 documents). The research instruments included systematic library study and semi-structured interviews; the validity of the instrument was assessed using desirable qualitative validation methods (content validity). Coding and conceptual framing methods were used to analyze the findings. Results: Conceptual framework of sportswear brand in Iran in 14 general areas including brand capability, brand characteristics, brand competitive advantage, brand love, market developments, economic weakness, sportswear branding, brand reconstruction, social media branding, brand creativity and innovation is the rotation of the sports economy, promoting brand value, improving brand performance and brand loyalty. Conclusion: The framework presented in this study creates an understanding of the dimensions of the sportswear brand based on its relationship with a set of different activities. Based on this framework, it is possible to make an objective assessment of the level of management activities in each sports production company and provide scientific information on the appropriate measures that sports organizations should take for branding.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_83444_c58298321407d52b9df001c78287dea3.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Quantitative Modeling of Factors Affecting the Branding of Personality Traits of Sports Volunteers in Iranian University Sports Events Quantitative Modeling of Factors Affecting the Branding of Personality Traits of Sports Volunteers in Iranian University Sports Events 106 88 84102 10.22059/jsm.2021.326040.2752 FA Mahmoud Bahremand Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran Mohammad Keshtidar Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran , Mina Mostahfzian Sport medicine research center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran 0000-0002-0226-6246 , Jahangir Karimian Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2021 07 04 Introduction: Brand is one of the most important intangible assets that has been recently noticed. A brand is like a floating iceberg; you can only see a small part of it floating above the surface of the water, which represents the things that have been associated with the brand over time; but the important parts that indicate the strength of the brand are out of sight and underwater. The purpose of this study was to model the factors affecting the branding of personality traits of sports volunteers in Iranian university sports events. Methods: The research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of goal method, and mixed exploratory research (quantitative and qualitative) in terms of implementation method.The interview process continued until the data reached theoretical saturation, with 15 interviews with experts, including sports event organizers, people who have volunteered at university sports events, and professors with personal branding experience.The statistical community consisted of qualitative experts, including organizers of sporting events, professionals who have volunteered and been promoted to academic sporting events, and professors who have worked in the field of personal branding. The statistical population in a small part included all people who had a history of volunteering in sports and the organizers and officials of sports event committees. The available sampling method was selected and 216 questionnaires were distributed electronically. PLS software was used to evaluate the fit of the path-structural model. Results: The results of the research model showed that causal conditions, background conditions, and intervening conditions had a positive and significant effect on personality branding of sports volunteers that the share of background conditions with a standard effect coefficient of 0.487 was higher than other factors. Conclusion: By implementing the swimming strategies from the present study, we can see an increase in self-confidence and promotion of the position of sports volunteers, as well as improvement and efficiency in holding and managing sports events. Introduction: Brand is one of the most important intangible assets that has been recently noticed. A brand is like a floating iceberg; you can only see a small part of it floating above the surface of the water, which represents the things that have been associated with the brand over time; but the important parts that indicate the strength of the brand are out of sight and underwater. The purpose of this study was to model the factors affecting the branding of personality traits of sports volunteers in Iranian university sports events. Methods: The research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of goal method, and mixed exploratory research (quantitative and qualitative) in terms of implementation method.The interview process continued until the data reached theoretical saturation, with 15 interviews with experts, including sports event organizers, people who have volunteered at university sports events, and professors with personal branding experience.The statistical community consisted of qualitative experts, including organizers of sporting events, professionals who have volunteered and been promoted to academic sporting events, and professors who have worked in the field of personal branding. The statistical population in a small part included all people who had a history of volunteering in sports and the organizers and officials of sports event committees. The available sampling method was selected and 216 questionnaires were distributed electronically. PLS software was used to evaluate the fit of the path-structural model. Results: The results of the research model showed that causal conditions, background conditions, and intervening conditions had a positive and significant effect on personality branding of sports volunteers that the share of background conditions with a standard effect coefficient of 0.487 was higher than other factors. Conclusion: By implementing the swimming strategies from the present study, we can see an increase in self-confidence and promotion of the position of sports volunteers, as well as improvement and efficiency in holding and managing sports events.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_84102_376a7ebd03d433f52ee6ea1c0a0e44a2.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Analysis and evaluation of the level of access to sports uses Based on data from Tehran Analysis and evaluation of the level of access to sports uses Based on data from Tehran 127 107 84864 10.22059/jsm.2021.328904.2797 FA Aram Moradi Department of Sport Science, Rahman Institue of higher education, Ramsar, Mazandaran, Iran 0009-0000-2347-4899 Seyed Nemat Khalifeh Department of Sport Science, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences, Islamic Azad University of Karaj, Iran 0000-0002-3782-333X Alireza Dabir Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-0467-3750 Journal Article 2021 08 31 Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze the dispersion and evaluate the level of access to sports uses based on data from Tehran Methods: The method of the present research was applied and was descriptive-analytical in terms of monitoring variables and data analysis. ARC GIS software was used for data analysis. Evaluation of distribution and distribution of sports spaces was done in two ways: network analysis method based on access to sports spaces and focal spatial statistics analysis method based on the size of sports spaces Results: All results showed that District 10 to 86 percent, the highest level of sport's coverage area and then the 6, 14, 8 and 3 respectively with 84, 80, 79, and 77 percent in the next category were located. Regions 21 and 22 were not well distributed despite high per capita sports area with minimum coverage level of service sports space. After this, regions 18, 5 and 4, respectively 35, 43 and 57 percent of the least important loss of service. In the region of 21 only 43 percent of the residential land use sports spaces located in the service area. And then 22 and 5 least favorite areas in the distribution of its sports spaces. Regions 8 with 96% and District 10 to 99% have the highest proportion of residential land use in the coverage of sports spaces. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, having a high per capita sport does not necessarily require more use and more access. In fact, the main sports facilities in Tehran are located in areas where the opportunity to visit them is relatively small. Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze the dispersion and evaluate the level of access to sports uses based on data from Tehran Methods: The method of the present research was applied and was descriptive-analytical in terms of monitoring variables and data analysis. ARC GIS software was used for data analysis. Evaluation of distribution and distribution of sports spaces was done in two ways: network analysis method based on access to sports spaces and focal spatial statistics analysis method based on the size of sports spaces Results: All results showed that District 10 to 86 percent, the highest level of sport's coverage area and then the 6, 14, 8 and 3 respectively with 84, 80, 79, and 77 percent in the next category were located. Regions 21 and 22 were not well distributed despite high per capita sports area with minimum coverage level of service sports space. After this, regions 18, 5 and 4, respectively 35, 43 and 57 percent of the least important loss of service. In the region of 21 only 43 percent of the residential land use sports spaces located in the service area. And then 22 and 5 least favorite areas in the distribution of its sports spaces. Regions 8 with 96% and District 10 to 99% have the highest proportion of residential land use in the coverage of sports spaces. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, having a high per capita sport does not necessarily require more use and more access. In fact, the main sports facilities in Tehran are located in areas where the opportunity to visit them is relatively small.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_84864_f5bba93b7ee23c525a971f7216965db6.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Conceptual Model of Media Coverage of Iranian Female Athletes Conceptual Model of Media Coverage of Iranian Female Athletes 149 128 85076 10.22059/jsm.2021.331555.2825 FA Mehrdad Ahmadi Department of Management, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Yasamin Molana Department of Humanism, Environmental Communication, Ferrara University, Italy 0009-0001-2641-6472 Journal Article 2021 10 06 Introduction: Many women have expanded their abilities in diverse sports. However, these achievements could not have impacted the media coverage of professional women's sports in Iran and it is still not appropriate. Methods: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the sport of women's championship media coverage pattern in Iran using a qualitative Grounded method based on the theory of Strauss and Corbin (1998). Due to the purposeful use and application of theoretical saturation criteria, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 women sports specialists. Results: The research findings highlighted that several factors contribute to the mismanagement of women's sports. These factors include cultural barriers, the absence of effective sports marketing, socialization issues, and a lack of well-defined programming strategies within the media. The study identified contextual factors like the existence of a glass ceiling, and political, ideological, and legal-executive interventions as further contributing conditions. It was observed that national mass media employs strategies like the absence of sports marketing and the promotion of sports antifeminism when covering female sports. Consequently, the mismanagement of women's sports can be traced back to a shortage of media coverage. This lack of media coverage is seen as fostering a culture that opposes women's rights. In contrast, social media emerges as a potential platform for the promotion of women's sports. Conclusion: Due to the lack of media representation, Iranian female athletes have turned to social media as a valuable platform for personal branding, boosting their motivation, expanding their fans, and attracting potential investors. Introduction: Many women have expanded their abilities in diverse sports. However, these achievements could not have impacted the media coverage of professional women's sports in Iran and it is still not appropriate. Methods: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the sport of women's championship media coverage pattern in Iran using a qualitative Grounded method based on the theory of Strauss and Corbin (1998). Due to the purposeful use and application of theoretical saturation criteria, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 women sports specialists. Results: The research findings highlighted that several factors contribute to the mismanagement of women's sports. These factors include cultural barriers, the absence of effective sports marketing, socialization issues, and a lack of well-defined programming strategies within the media. The study identified contextual factors like the existence of a glass ceiling, and political, ideological, and legal-executive interventions as further contributing conditions. It was observed that national mass media employs strategies like the absence of sports marketing and the promotion of sports antifeminism when covering female sports. Consequently, the mismanagement of women's sports can be traced back to a shortage of media coverage. This lack of media coverage is seen as fostering a culture that opposes women's rights. In contrast, social media emerges as a potential platform for the promotion of women's sports. Conclusion: Due to the lack of media representation, Iranian female athletes have turned to social media as a valuable platform for personal branding, boosting their motivation, expanding their fans, and attracting potential investors.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_85076_451ba484d2d2e42810c372ac7587198f.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Analyzing the Lived Experiences of Sports Science Professors from the Challenges and Achievements of Virtual Education during Covid-19 Pandemic Analyzing the Lived Experiences of Sports Science Professors from the Challenges and Achievements of Virtual Education during Covid-19 Pandemic 174 150 85119 10.22059/jsm.2021.330955.2818 FA Mahdi Bashiri Department of Sports Management, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0003-0514-2772 Saba Dibaei Master student of Sports Management Behboud Yarigholi Department of Educational Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran Rasoul Faraji - Department of Sports Management, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0002-6615-7110 Sepideh Shabani Department of Education of East Azarbaijan, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2021 09 22 Introduction: Given the widespread use of virtual education in the universities, the need to maintain education in the form of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic as an alternative to in-person education, as well as the use of the experiences and perspectives of professors to improve the quality and quantity of e-learning in the future, has led to a study entitled "exploring the experiences of sports science professors with the challenges and achievements of virtual education during the coronavirus pandemic". Methods: The study was descriptive phenomenological research with qualitative approach. Participants in the study were professors of sports science at Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University who were selected through a convenience sampling method. The participants’ contribution was preceded until the data collection was completed. In order to collect data, in-depth semi-structured interview was used and to analyze qualitative data Colaizzi's method was used. Results: Based on the analysis of participants' experiences, 5 main categories (inefficiency of teaching practical courses, lack of necessary virtual teaching infrastructure, the need to pay attention to teaching considerations, quality of evaluation and e-learning outcomes) and 26 sub-categories were identified. Conclusion: According to the findings, it was found that e-learning of practical courses was not desirable; therefore, it is recommended that more sufficient alternative and complementary methods complying with the educational goals be applied alongside consideration of health care protocols. Introduction: Given the widespread use of virtual education in the universities, the need to maintain education in the form of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic as an alternative to in-person education, as well as the use of the experiences and perspectives of professors to improve the quality and quantity of e-learning in the future, has led to a study entitled "exploring the experiences of sports science professors with the challenges and achievements of virtual education during the coronavirus pandemic". Methods: The study was descriptive phenomenological research with qualitative approach. Participants in the study were professors of sports science at Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University who were selected through a convenience sampling method. The participants’ contribution was preceded until the data collection was completed. In order to collect data, in-depth semi-structured interview was used and to analyze qualitative data Colaizzi's method was used. Results: Based on the analysis of participants' experiences, 5 main categories (inefficiency of teaching practical courses, lack of necessary virtual teaching infrastructure, the need to pay attention to teaching considerations, quality of evaluation and e-learning outcomes) and 26 sub-categories were identified. Conclusion: According to the findings, it was found that e-learning of practical courses was not desirable; therefore, it is recommended that more sufficient alternative and complementary methods complying with the educational goals be applied alongside consideration of health care protocols.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_85119_f0ee7f4ebc9b37a2af3da0a19c9d4936.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Identifying Effective Factors in the Development of Sports and Physical Activity in Children (A Contextual Approach) Identifying Effective Factors in the Development of Sports and Physical Activity in Children (A Contextual Approach) 194 175 85670 10.22059/jsm.2022.330967.2821 FA Asra Ershad Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Maryam Aziziani Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2253-7215 Ahmad Mahmoudi , Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-7579-2274 Journal Article 2021 09 22 Introduction: The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the effective factors in the development of children's sports and physical activity -a contextual model and was conducted using the qualitative research method and data-based strategy based on Strauss and Corbin's approach (systematic method). Methods: The method of conducting the current research was qualitative, which was used to build the conceptual model of the research using the foundational data theory method and a systematic design. The statistical population of the research was all the experts who were knowledgeable in the field of children's sports development and physical activities, who were in two scientific and executive groups. Sampling was done in a targeted manner, and theoretical saturation was achieved with 16 interviews. Finally, the information obtained from the interview was analyzed in MAXQDA software version 2020. Results: The results of this research indicate the identification of 3 main categories in the field of causal conditions (family factor, health factor and social relations factor) and 5 cases in contextual conditions (individual and family, infrastructural and equipment, support, economic and managerial conditions). Intervenor (manpower, organization, media activities, control and evaluation and legislation) 7 strategies (sports facilities and equipment, evaluation and control, human power, culture and information, encouragement and motivation, financial and organization) and 5 consequences (physical and mental, social, educational, educational and development of championship sports). Conclusion: It seems that considering the identified factors in the development of sports and children's activities in childhood and trying to promote sports culture, it can solve some problems in the field of children's sports and lead the society to a healthy life. Introduction: The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the effective factors in the development of children's sports and physical activity -a contextual model and was conducted using the qualitative research method and data-based strategy based on Strauss and Corbin's approach (systematic method). Methods: The method of conducting the current research was qualitative, which was used to build the conceptual model of the research using the foundational data theory method and a systematic design. The statistical population of the research was all the experts who were knowledgeable in the field of children's sports development and physical activities, who were in two scientific and executive groups. Sampling was done in a targeted manner, and theoretical saturation was achieved with 16 interviews. Finally, the information obtained from the interview was analyzed in MAXQDA software version 2020. Results: The results of this research indicate the identification of 3 main categories in the field of causal conditions (family factor, health factor and social relations factor) and 5 cases in contextual conditions (individual and family, infrastructural and equipment, support, economic and managerial conditions). Intervenor (manpower, organization, media activities, control and evaluation and legislation) 7 strategies (sports facilities and equipment, evaluation and control, human power, culture and information, encouragement and motivation, financial and organization) and 5 consequences (physical and mental, social, educational, educational and development of championship sports). Conclusion: It seems that considering the identified factors in the development of sports and children's activities in childhood and trying to promote sports culture, it can solve some problems in the field of children's sports and lead the society to a healthy life.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_85670_b96415aa94f24cf155c23404dc0590f3.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Designing and Explaining the Optimal Scenario for the Development of Triathlon in Iran Designing and Explaining the Optimal Scenario for the Development of Triathlon in Iran 213 195 91539 10.22059/jsm.2023.354714.3113 FA Mehdi Goodarzi Department of Physical Education and Sports Science (Sports Management), Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-3465-526X Mohsen Hamidi Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Farhangiyan, Qom, Iran Ashkan Behrouzi Department of Physical Education and Sports Science (Sports Management), Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 01 31 Introduction: The present study was conducted with the general aim of designing and explaining the optimal scenario for the development of triathlon in Iran. Methods: This descriptive-survey type of research has been conducted in a mixed sequential exploratory (qualitative-quantitative) and field study. The statistical population of the research consists of professors of sports management, triathlon federation managers and provincial triathlon boards. The sample size was determined in the qualitative part until information saturation, and in the quantitative part, the sample size (73 people) was determined according to Cochran's table. The research tool in the qualitative part included structured interviews, and in the quantitative part, a questionnaire was obtained from the qualitative part. The form and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and sports management experts, and factor analysis was used for its structural validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed in a preliminary study on 30 community members and Cronbach's alpha calculation. Exploratory factor analysis was used to analyze the data, and Friedman's test was used to prioritize the identified drivers with the help of SPSS version 23 software. Results: The model of drivers for the development of triathlon sport in Iran consists of 9 factors of transformation of management processes, media attention, talent search process, popularization of triathlon sport, equipment and infrastructure, human power, economic and political factors, structural factors and finally the processes of winning championships. Is. Conclusion: a model of feasible, probable and desirable scenarios for the development of the country's trout was developed and presented, which can serve as a good beacon for the officials of this federation and provincial delegations. Introduction: The present study was conducted with the general aim of designing and explaining the optimal scenario for the development of triathlon in Iran. Methods: This descriptive-survey type of research has been conducted in a mixed sequential exploratory (qualitative-quantitative) and field study. The statistical population of the research consists of professors of sports management, triathlon federation managers and provincial triathlon boards. The sample size was determined in the qualitative part until information saturation, and in the quantitative part, the sample size (73 people) was determined according to Cochran's table. The research tool in the qualitative part included structured interviews, and in the quantitative part, a questionnaire was obtained from the qualitative part. The form and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and sports management experts, and factor analysis was used for its structural validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed in a preliminary study on 30 community members and Cronbach's alpha calculation. Exploratory factor analysis was used to analyze the data, and Friedman's test was used to prioritize the identified drivers with the help of SPSS version 23 software. Results: The model of drivers for the development of triathlon sport in Iran consists of 9 factors of transformation of management processes, media attention, talent search process, popularization of triathlon sport, equipment and infrastructure, human power, economic and political factors, structural factors and finally the processes of winning championships. Is. Conclusion: a model of feasible, probable and desirable scenarios for the development of the country's trout was developed and presented, which can serve as a good beacon for the officials of this federation and provincial delegations.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_91539_ee712b54ff92d404ff6cd6c8f6e41324.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Modeling the Brand Identity of Citizenship Sports in Iran Modeling the Brand Identity of Citizenship Sports in Iran 231 214 83721 10.22059/jsm.2021.314450.2630 FA Ehsan Hassannezhad Shandiz Department of Physical Education, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0002-2820-9960 Mohammad Reza Esmaeilzadeh Ghandehari Department of Physical Education, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0002-1575-7466 Seyyed Morteza Azim Zadeh Department of Sport Management, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran Journal Article 2020 11 30 Introduction: Today, the concept of brand has been publicized more than its origin. It is no longer restricted to services, goods, and companies and has developed into a new phenomenon called personal branding. A developed personal brand has many material and spiritual benefits for professional athletes and as such, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting the citizenship sports in Iran. Methods: This research aimed to design a conceptual model of brand identity of citizenship sport in Iran through the grounded theory approach. Based on the objectives of the research, the research type is explorative and done through a descriptive-analytic method. The data were collected by library and field research. This research is qualitative and based on the grounded theory, in which the data collection tools were semi-structured interviews, and snowball sampling leading to saturation was utilized. Results: A total of 20 individuals participated in the interview. Based on the findings, after three stages of open coding, selective coding, and theoretical coding, the factors affecting the brand identity of citizenship sports were determined. Conclusion: through the nature of branding, the possibility of progress and development can be provided and the ground for improving the state of citizen sports can be provided in a favorable way. Introduction: Today, the concept of brand has been publicized more than its origin. It is no longer restricted to services, goods, and companies and has developed into a new phenomenon called personal branding. A developed personal brand has many material and spiritual benefits for professional athletes and as such, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting the citizenship sports in Iran. Methods: This research aimed to design a conceptual model of brand identity of citizenship sport in Iran through the grounded theory approach. Based on the objectives of the research, the research type is explorative and done through a descriptive-analytic method. The data were collected by library and field research. This research is qualitative and based on the grounded theory, in which the data collection tools were semi-structured interviews, and snowball sampling leading to saturation was utilized. Results: A total of 20 individuals participated in the interview. Based on the findings, after three stages of open coding, selective coding, and theoretical coding, the factors affecting the brand identity of citizenship sports were determined. Conclusion: through the nature of branding, the possibility of progress and development can be provided and the ground for improving the state of citizen sports can be provided in a favorable way.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_83721_7f68a22a558344658940c12d3fc6eb06.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Identifying the Factors Threatening the Team Identity of the Fans of the Iranian National Football Team Identifying the Factors Threatening the Team Identity of the Fans of the Iranian National Football Team 250 232 86873 10.22059/jsm.2022.334547.2855 FA Abed Mahmoudian Department of Physical Educatin and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Scienes, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran 0000-0002-9853-6270 Saeed Sadeqi Broujerdi Department of Physical Educatin and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Scienes, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Bradley J Baker School of Sport, Tourism and Hospitality Management, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Journal Article 2021 11 25 Introduction: Threatening team identity is a new field in the literature of sports management and marketing that has recently been considered by researchers in this field. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the factors threatening the team identity of national football team fans. Methods: The method of the present research was qualitative research in the form of content analysis and the statistical population included national team fans that followed the Iranian Football Federation's Instagram page. The sampling method was purposeful and in-depth interviews were conducted with 16 participants until theoretical saturation. Coding technique and NVivo version 10 software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed the factors threatening the team identity of national team fans in seven themes; weak financial management, poor executive management and illegitimate management of the federation, improper selection of players, improper selection of technical staff, poor brand of invited players and poor performance of the team are categorized. Conclusion: The results of this study, on the one hand, eliminate the huge scientific gap in the literature threatening team identity in domestic and foreign research, and on the other hand, Managers can recognize their inappropriate actions and weaknesses in the field of threatening the team identity of national team fans and put effective strategies and strategies on their agenda to at least be able to reduce the number and amount of these factors. Introduction: Threatening team identity is a new field in the literature of sports management and marketing that has recently been considered by researchers in this field. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the factors threatening the team identity of national football team fans. Methods: The method of the present research was qualitative research in the form of content analysis and the statistical population included national team fans that followed the Iranian Football Federation's Instagram page. The sampling method was purposeful and in-depth interviews were conducted with 16 participants until theoretical saturation. Coding technique and NVivo version 10 software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed the factors threatening the team identity of national team fans in seven themes; weak financial management, poor executive management and illegitimate management of the federation, improper selection of players, improper selection of technical staff, poor brand of invited players and poor performance of the team are categorized. Conclusion: The results of this study, on the one hand, eliminate the huge scientific gap in the literature threatening team identity in domestic and foreign research, and on the other hand, Managers can recognize their inappropriate actions and weaknesses in the field of threatening the team identity of national team fans and put effective strategies and strategies on their agenda to at least be able to reduce the number and amount of these factors.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_86873_bfd36e8a76f7c7fc28601a3cc60af4ed.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Elite Badminton Policy in Iran Elite Badminton Policy in Iran 267 251 86867 10.22059/jsm.2022.336929.2878 FA Seyed Bahador Zakizadeh Department of Sport Management, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Mahdi Kohandel Department of Sport Management, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2022 01 21 Introduction: The aim of this study was identifiy and prioritize factors affecting elite Badminton policy in Iran. Methods: This study was mixed method. In qualitive section, population of study were elite people in management of Badminton and in quantitative section, the Badminton Family (Federation members, board of Badminton in provinces, cities and coaches) which in both section appropriate sample were collected. In this study to identify factors affecting elite Badminton policy in Iran Fuzzy Delphi was used. Results: According this method, these factors were identified: Financial support, Integrated approach to policy development, participation in Badminton, development system of Talent identification, integrated athletic and post-Career Support, training facilities, coaching provision & development, (Inter)national competition and Scientific research. To prioritize these factors, MADM and Copeland method were used. According to these methods, most important factor was financial support. Conclusion: The elite Badminton system in Iran is heavily interventionist, centralized, bureaucratic and highly formal but unstable. The elite badminton system in Iran seems to be moving in the opposite direction, moving toward more concentration and government-led management. Introduction: The aim of this study was identifiy and prioritize factors affecting elite Badminton policy in Iran. Methods: This study was mixed method. In qualitive section, population of study were elite people in management of Badminton and in quantitative section, the Badminton Family (Federation members, board of Badminton in provinces, cities and coaches) which in both section appropriate sample were collected. In this study to identify factors affecting elite Badminton policy in Iran Fuzzy Delphi was used. Results: According this method, these factors were identified: Financial support, Integrated approach to policy development, participation in Badminton, development system of Talent identification, integrated athletic and post-Career Support, training facilities, coaching provision & development, (Inter)national competition and Scientific research. To prioritize these factors, MADM and Copeland method were used. According to these methods, most important factor was financial support. Conclusion: The elite Badminton system in Iran is heavily interventionist, centralized, bureaucratic and highly formal but unstable. The elite badminton system in Iran seems to be moving in the opposite direction, moving toward more concentration and government-led management.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_86867_5e26529eaf4f3ae3102a89c0739c7ad8.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Phenomenological Analysis of the Consequences of Sports Managers' Cognitive Errors Using the Three-Pronged Model Clubs Phenomenological Analysis of the Consequences of Sports Managers' Cognitive Errors Using the Three-Pronged Model Clubs 281 268 87268 10.22059/jsm.2022.341504.2932 FA Ali Ghorban Rostami Department of Sport Management, , Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran Omid Safari Department of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University, Noorabad Mamasani Branch, Shiraz., Iran Kamelia Abdi Department of Physical Education, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran Ahmad Turkfar Department of Physical Education, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran Journal Article 2022 04 25 Introduction: This research aimed to analyze the phenomenological consequences of sports managers' cognitive errors using the three-pronged model. Methodology: The current research was one of the qualitative researches that was carried out in the field. The qualitative method used in this research was phenomenological based on the three-pronged model. The participants in the current research included people who are in the environment of the sports organization; They have understood the phenomenon of managers' cognitive errors and have experienced this problem. The data collection tool in this research was a semi-structured interview. In order to analyze qualitative data, thematic analysis was used. Findings: The results of this research show that the main concepts including laws and regulations, decision-making aspects, economic systems and management systems were identified in the structural branch. Thus, 21 consequences of managers' cognitive errors in sports organizations were identified in the structural branch. The results of the present research show that in the content branch, the main concepts including motivational aspects, behavioral aspects, psychological aspects and content weakness were identified. Thus, 16 consequences of managers' cognitive errors in sports organizations were identified in the content category. The results of this research show that the main concepts including environmental aspects, cultural aspects and value aspects were identified in the contextual branch. Thus, 12 consequences of managers' cognitive errors in sports organizations were identified in the relevant field. Conclusion: According to the results of the present research, it is suggested providing decision-making support to reduce the effects of cognitive errors, as well as the existence of operational plans in sports organizations to control cognitive errors, to improve the control of cognitive errors of sports managers. Introduction: This research aimed to analyze the phenomenological consequences of sports managers' cognitive errors using the three-pronged model. Methodology: The current research was one of the qualitative researches that was carried out in the field. The qualitative method used in this research was phenomenological based on the three-pronged model. The participants in the current research included people who are in the environment of the sports organization; They have understood the phenomenon of managers' cognitive errors and have experienced this problem. The data collection tool in this research was a semi-structured interview. In order to analyze qualitative data, thematic analysis was used. Findings: The results of this research show that the main concepts including laws and regulations, decision-making aspects, economic systems and management systems were identified in the structural branch. Thus, 21 consequences of managers' cognitive errors in sports organizations were identified in the structural branch. The results of the present research show that in the content branch, the main concepts including motivational aspects, behavioral aspects, psychological aspects and content weakness were identified. Thus, 16 consequences of managers' cognitive errors in sports organizations were identified in the content category. The results of this research show that the main concepts including environmental aspects, cultural aspects and value aspects were identified in the contextual branch. Thus, 12 consequences of managers' cognitive errors in sports organizations were identified in the relevant field. Conclusion: According to the results of the present research, it is suggested providing decision-making support to reduce the effects of cognitive errors, as well as the existence of operational plans in sports organizations to control cognitive errors, to improve the control of cognitive errors of sports managers.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_87268_7bbc9c659df818a7dfe58a4bc89f6442.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 The Effect of Investment in Relational Marketing on Customer Satisfaction of Tehran Sports Complexes (Mediating the Role of Brand Trust and Customer Appreciation) The Effect of Investment in Relational Marketing on Customer Satisfaction of Tehran Sports Complexes (Mediating the Role of Brand Trust and Customer Appreciation) 298 282 87423 10.22059/jsm.2022.338779.2904 FA Meysam Shiravand Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Hossein Akbari Yazdi Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-9925-4825 Mohammad Hassan Peymanfar Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-9900-8904 Journal Article 2022 02 19 Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of relational marketing on the satisfaction of customers of sports complexes in Tehran with the mediation of brand trust and customer appreciation. Research method: The purpose of this research was applied and descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the research included all customers using sports complexes in Tehran. The statistical sample (471 people) was selected as available. The research tools included questionnaires related to marketing investment and customer appreciation, brand trust and customer satisfaction. PLS and SPSS software were used for data analysis. Findings: The results showed that brand trust has a significant effect on customer satisfaction; Also, investing in relational marketing had a significant effect on brand trust, customer satisfaction and appreciation. But customer appreciation had no significant effect on customer satisfaction. The variable effect of investment in relational marketing on customer satisfaction was significant through the mediation of brand trust, but it was not significant through the mediation of customer appreciation. Conclusion: Based on the results of the research, it can be said that trust in the brand plays an essential role in creating consumer-brand loyalty and this mentality can lead to the satisfaction and loyalty of the users of the sports complex through trust in the brand, so paying attention to the following factors It can be used as a model for understanding customer behavior to increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of relational marketing on the satisfaction of customers of sports complexes in Tehran with the mediation of brand trust and customer appreciation. Research method: The purpose of this research was applied and descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the research included all customers using sports complexes in Tehran. The statistical sample (471 people) was selected as available. The research tools included questionnaires related to marketing investment and customer appreciation, brand trust and customer satisfaction. PLS and SPSS software were used for data analysis. Findings: The results showed that brand trust has a significant effect on customer satisfaction; Also, investing in relational marketing had a significant effect on brand trust, customer satisfaction and appreciation. But customer appreciation had no significant effect on customer satisfaction. The variable effect of investment in relational marketing on customer satisfaction was significant through the mediation of brand trust, but it was not significant through the mediation of customer appreciation. Conclusion: Based on the results of the research, it can be said that trust in the brand plays an essential role in creating consumer-brand loyalty and this mentality can lead to the satisfaction and loyalty of the users of the sports complex through trust in the brand, so paying attention to the following factors It can be used as a model for understanding customer behavior to increase customer satisfaction and loyalty.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_87423_2806554f986014f883aa883bfe0f100a.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Identify and Analyze the Drivers That Affect the Pricing of Professional Players in the Iraqi Football Premier League Identify and Analyze the Drivers That Affect the Pricing of Professional Players in the Iraqi Football Premier League 316 299 87878 10.22059/jsm.2022.339768.2913 FA Abdulrazzagh Algam Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan Mehdi Salimi Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0003-4566-6490 Mohammad Soltanhosseini Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2022 04 16 and determining the right price in any field can lead to a steady stream of revenue, so the purpose of this study was to identify and analyze price-driven drivers of professional players in the Iraqi Football Premier League. Methods: The method of the present study was mixed and its design was harmonization. The statistical population of this study consisted of experts, 15 of whom were selected purposefully and based on theoretical saturation. In order to analyze the qualitative information, three overlapping processes of open coding, axial coding and theoretical coding were used and in a quantitative part, DEMATEL analysis was used. Results: Findings of this study showed 47 final concepts, 11 sub-categories with the letters of human capital, club efficiency, sports performance, time effects, geographical factors, league characteristics, player behavior, social value, transfer rules, the rule of financial conditions and factors and the four main categories of player characteristics, club characteristics, internal factors and external factors affect the pricing of football players. It was also found that human capital, financial and time effects factors have the greatest impact on explaining player pricing, respectively. Conclusion: Based on what has been said, it is suggested not emphasizing only a specific factor or an indicator in the evaluation of football players, and trying to examine and to follow the discussion of evaluation and pricing in all aspects. and determining the right price in any field can lead to a steady stream of revenue, so the purpose of this study was to identify and analyze price-driven drivers of professional players in the Iraqi Football Premier League. Methods: The method of the present study was mixed and its design was harmonization. The statistical population of this study consisted of experts, 15 of whom were selected purposefully and based on theoretical saturation. In order to analyze the qualitative information, three overlapping processes of open coding, axial coding and theoretical coding were used and in a quantitative part, DEMATEL analysis was used. Results: Findings of this study showed 47 final concepts, 11 sub-categories with the letters of human capital, club efficiency, sports performance, time effects, geographical factors, league characteristics, player behavior, social value, transfer rules, the rule of financial conditions and factors and the four main categories of player characteristics, club characteristics, internal factors and external factors affect the pricing of football players. It was also found that human capital, financial and time effects factors have the greatest impact on explaining player pricing, respectively. Conclusion: Based on what has been said, it is suggested not emphasizing only a specific factor or an indicator in the evaluation of football players, and trying to examine and to follow the discussion of evaluation and pricing in all aspects.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_87878_daad578e39e74de47094094ef1e2d478.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Presenting a Model of Privatization of Sports Facilities and Spaces in Tehran Municipality Presenting a Model of Privatization of Sports Facilities and Spaces in Tehran Municipality 332 317 89075 10.22059/jsm.2022.343283.2950 FA Mehdi SeyedAli Department of Sports Management, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran Farshad Emami ,Department of Sports Management, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran Seyed Jafar Mosavi Department of Sports Management, Ghaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ghaemshahr, Iran Journal Article 2022 05 18 Introduction: The purpose of this study was to present a model of privatization of sports facilities of Tehran Municipality. Methods: The research method was qualitative using a systematic design of data-based theory and semi-structured interviews were used to collect information. Then, data analysis was performed by Strauss and Corbin method and a paradigm model. The statistical population of the study included managers, executives, professors and experts of sports venues and sports spaces of Tehran Municipality Sports Organization who had the necessary expertise in the field of research, including privatization of sports venues, investment and marketing, 15 people were interviewed. And obtaining the necessary information in relation to the subject under study was selected in a completely non-probabilistic manner using theoretical and targeted snowball techniques. Open, axial and selective coding were used to analyze the data. Results: 158 basic conceptual propositions with 11 categories in the form of 6 dimensions of a paradigm model, including causal conditions (2 categories of place conditions and managerial conditions), main phenomenon (privatization of sports venues and spaces), strategy(2 categories of corrections and review and performance improvement), Underlying characteristics(2 categories of community conditions and individual conditions), intervening conditions(2 categories of deterrents and stimulus factors) and consequences(3 categories of change in the promotion of municipal affairs, change in the quantitative and qualitative level of places and change in service) were identified. Introduction: The purpose of this study was to present a model of privatization of sports facilities of Tehran Municipality. Methods: The research method was qualitative using a systematic design of data-based theory and semi-structured interviews were used to collect information. Then, data analysis was performed by Strauss and Corbin method and a paradigm model. The statistical population of the study included managers, executives, professors and experts of sports venues and sports spaces of Tehran Municipality Sports Organization who had the necessary expertise in the field of research, including privatization of sports venues, investment and marketing, 15 people were interviewed. And obtaining the necessary information in relation to the subject under study was selected in a completely non-probabilistic manner using theoretical and targeted snowball techniques. Open, axial and selective coding were used to analyze the data. Results: 158 basic conceptual propositions with 11 categories in the form of 6 dimensions of a paradigm model, including causal conditions (2 categories of place conditions and managerial conditions), main phenomenon (privatization of sports venues and spaces), strategy(2 categories of corrections and review and performance improvement), Underlying characteristics(2 categories of community conditions and individual conditions), intervening conditions(2 categories of deterrents and stimulus factors) and consequences(3 categories of change in the promotion of municipal affairs, change in the quantitative and qualitative level of places and change in service) were identified.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_89075_1308e4050fe343cd0c899cedfb897fad.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 Future studies of the key drivers of Iranian sports network governance in the horizon of 2035 Future studies of the key drivers of Iranian sports network governance in the horizon of 2035 351 333 92307 10.22059/jsm.2023.354429.3111 FA Jalill Bavanpour Department of Sport Managment, Borujerd branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran Mohamad Nikravan Department of Sport Managment, Borujerd branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran Mozafar Yektayar Department of Sport Managment, Sanandaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran Journal Article 2023 01 27 Introduction: The purpose of this research was to future studies the critical drivers of Iranian sports network governance in the horizon of 2035. Methods: The current research strategy is prospective and has been carried out in three steps. The participants of this research were experts. The selection of these people was purposeful, and 19 people were selected based on the criteria of expertise. In this research, interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data, and Lincoln and Guba's (1985) evaluation indices were used to evaluate the research, including validity, transferability, reliability, and verifiability. To analyze the data in the interview analysis section (first step) using the coding method, in the area determining the importance and uncertainty (second step) using the arithmetic mean and in the future research section (third step) using the structural analysis method with The help of MICMAC software was used. Results: The findings showed that the future of network governance of Iranian sports in the horizon of 2035 is affected by 14 variables. Still, only four variables of actor relationships, network centrality, and consensus-centeredness network management are the key drivers of the future of network governance in. They change the sport. Conclusion: Therefore, the result of network synergy between the mentioned drivers is suggested to create a desirable future in the field of network governance in Iranian sports. Introduction: The purpose of this research was to future studies the critical drivers of Iranian sports network governance in the horizon of 2035. Methods: The current research strategy is prospective and has been carried out in three steps. The participants of this research were experts. The selection of these people was purposeful, and 19 people were selected based on the criteria of expertise. In this research, interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data, and Lincoln and Guba's (1985) evaluation indices were used to evaluate the research, including validity, transferability, reliability, and verifiability. To analyze the data in the interview analysis section (first step) using the coding method, in the area determining the importance and uncertainty (second step) using the arithmetic mean and in the future research section (third step) using the structural analysis method with The help of MICMAC software was used. Results: The findings showed that the future of network governance of Iranian sports in the horizon of 2035 is affected by 14 variables. Still, only four variables of actor relationships, network centrality, and consensus-centeredness network management are the key drivers of the future of network governance in. They change the sport. Conclusion: Therefore, the result of network synergy between the mentioned drivers is suggested to create a desirable future in the field of network governance in Iranian sports.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_92307_7c0372e931e6663d7ad8d4065606f56a.pdf

University of Tehran Sport Management Journal 2008-9341 15 3 2023 10 23 The Conscious Prediction Model of Crisis in Sports: Professional Football in Iran The Conscious Prediction Model of Crisis in Sports: Professional Football in Iran 370 352 92503 10.22059/jsm.2023.353302.3088 FA Rasool Nazari Department of Sport Management, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. 0000-0002-1853-9712 Mehran Seirafian Baboldashti Department of Sport Management, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Ghasem Rahimi Department of Sport Management, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Journal Article 2023 01 02 Introduction: Crisis is known as an extraordinary disorder in standard operations that threatens the safety and success of an organization. Before the crisis, there is an opportunity to prevent some serious damages by predicting and managing possible crises. The gap of conscious prediction of crises in professional football of Iran is clear. Therefore, the current study set to propose a model of conscious crisis prediction for professional football of Iran. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted, selecting a constructivist approach of the Grounded Theory strategy. Exploratory-fundamental data were collected using targeted, snowball sampling technique based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 19 experts of sports management familiar with sports crisis. Results: Theoretical saturation of open codes is the beginning of centralized coding. Afterwards, the primary axes were identified, i.e. after transcribing about 197 sentences of the interviews and excluding duplicates, 121 primary concepts and categories were obtained in the initial coding, and then 31 centralized codes were obtained; finally, the main categories were presented in seven central codes. Conclusion: The root of all possible crises likely to occur in Iran's professional football must be determined. Afterward, the pathology of crises should be indicated, taking into account that today's world is full of different uncertainties, abundant complexities, ambiguities, and uncontrollable fluctuations. Then, conscious prediction should be applied to design different scenarios associated with every crisis. Introduction: Crisis is known as an extraordinary disorder in standard operations that threatens the safety and success of an organization. Before the crisis, there is an opportunity to prevent some serious damages by predicting and managing possible crises. The gap of conscious prediction of crises in professional football of Iran is clear. Therefore, the current study set to propose a model of conscious crisis prediction for professional football of Iran. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted, selecting a constructivist approach of the Grounded Theory strategy. Exploratory-fundamental data were collected using targeted, snowball sampling technique based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 19 experts of sports management familiar with sports crisis. Results: Theoretical saturation of open codes is the beginning of centralized coding. Afterwards, the primary axes were identified, i.e. after transcribing about 197 sentences of the interviews and excluding duplicates, 121 primary concepts and categories were obtained in the initial coding, and then 31 centralized codes were obtained; finally, the main categories were presented in seven central codes. Conclusion: The root of all possible crises likely to occur in Iran's professional football must be determined. Afterward, the pathology of crises should be indicated, taking into account that today's world is full of different uncertainties, abundant complexities, ambiguities, and uncontrollable fluctuations. Then, conscious prediction should be applied to design different scenarios associated with every crisis.

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_92503_0488f61e2c029002daf61257700ad586.pdf