amin zare دانشجوی دکتری رشتۀ مدیریت رفتار سازمانی دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، تهران، ایران author ali babaeian استادیار مدیریت دولتی، گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشکدۀ مدیریت دانشگاه علوم انتظامی، تهران، ایران author Gholam Reza Moradi دانشجوی دکتری رشتۀ تربیت بدنی دانشکدۀ تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی،تهران، ایران author sayed abdolrasul Hosseini کارشناس ارشد رشتۀ مدیریت دولتی دانشکدۀ مدیریت دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران author text article 2015 per A review of studies about sports privatization indicates that almost allcountries in the world have paid considerable attention to the role and thesignificance of sports privatization. However, it should be noted that thereare not only one or two factors influencing sports privatization. The mainissue is that sports privatization especially for football clubs cannot beeffective without the existence of a set of factors. Accordingly, the presentstudy concentrated on the most important challenges facing football clubsprivatization in Iran. This descriptive-application study has employed asurvey method. The statistical population included football managers,university professors in the field of physical education, and sports experts.Excel software and numerical means were used to identify challenges.Besides, Expert Choice and ranking techniques such as AHP, TOPSIS, andSAW were used to perform the primary ranking of factors. Prioritizingmethods such as prioritizing means, BORDA and COPELAND wereemployed to merge and rank factors and indexes considered as challenges.The findings suggested that the most important challenges were legalpolitical,sociocultural, economic, and technological challenges respectively.Unplanned privatization with no specific stages was considered as the mainlegal-political challenge, sports underestimation in socioculturaldevelopment programs as the main sociocultural challenge, lack of broadcastright as the main source of income as the core economic challenge, andfinally inadequacy of loans granted to the private sector by the government wasregarded as the major technological challenge. دانشکده تربیت بدنی دانشگاه تهران 2008-9341 6 v. 4 no. 2015 575 593 https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_53110_40612653819a8748e485efec2e9df040.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2015.53110 majid rajabi M.Sc. of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran author Mehrzad Hamidi Associate Professor, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran author majid jalali farahani Associate Professor, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran author text article 2015 per The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of budget participation onjob attitudes and performance of physical education managers ofuniversities. Research method was descriptive, with regard to therelationship of the variables it was correlation and application consideringthe aim of the study and data were collected by field method. The statisticalpopulation consisted of physical education managers of state universitiesaffiliated to the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. The samplewas equal to the population. Five standardized questionnaires were used tocollect data including Budget Participation, Job Satisfaction, JobInvolvement, Organizational Commitment and Performance. To evaluate theeffect of the variables and to assess the model, Structural Equation Modeling(SEM), Bayesian estimation with AMOS software were used. The Resultsrevealed that participation in budgeting of managers did not directly have asignificant effect on their performance. But the results of SEM and Bayesianestimation showed that participation of managers in budgeting indirectly hadan effect on their performance through influencing job satisfaction andorganizational commitment. Also, job satisfaction had a positive andsignificant effect on organizational commitment and organizationalcommitment on job involvement. دانشکده تربیت بدنی دانشگاه تهران 2008-9341 6 v. 4 no. 2015 595 612 https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_53112_d4de347b026ee2228202f5b389efe4a7.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2015.53112 babak azimi sanavi PhD Candidate Sports Management, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Shomal University, Amol, Iran author mohamad hosein razavi Associate Professor, Sports Management and Planning, Sport Management Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran author text article 2015 per The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship betweenunderstanding and application of quantum skills in sports organizations. Thestudy method was descriptive. The statistical population consisted ofmanagers of the Ministry of Sport and Youth and the heads of selected sportsfederations (N=59). The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferentialstatistics. For data analysis, Spearman and Friedman tests were used. Theresults showed a significant positive relationship between understanding andapplication of quantum skills by managers (P=0.001, r=0.53). The highestlevel of understanding and application of the quantum action and the lowestlevel were quantum trust and quantum observation respectively. Therefore,managers of sports organizations should pay special attention to theunderstanding of quantum skills and increase their knowledge about thistopic and have a special interest in the relationship of this notion with theapplication of these skills so that they can lead the organizations moreeffectively. دانشکده تربیت بدنی دانشگاه تهران 2008-9341 6 v. 4 no. 2015 613 625 https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_53113_e0c5da474faefc26512ddc7db69d08e0.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2015.53113 hamid khodadad Professor, Business Management Department, Faculty of Management & Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran author alireza mosayebi Ph.D. Candidate Decision Making and Policy Making, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran author text article 2015 per Social marketing is defined as applying marketing tools to achievedesired social targets. In other words, social marketing is the usage ofcommercial methods to increase a target group's ability to admit a belief oran action. In this article, the effect of sport clubs reputation and name on animprovement and a change in their fans' behavior was studied. Using SEMmethod, the results demonstrated that the two organizational characteristicsincluding general reputation and perceived responsibility as well as the twosocial responsibility characteristics including perceived effort and perceivedinfluence were independent variables influencing environmental reputation.Also, the results presented that environmental reputation had a significanteffect on professional environmental behavior of fans including permanentimprovement in behavior and an improvement of their behavior in eachmatch. Furthermore, according to the current results, the more sport clubs tryto increase their environmental and social reputation, the more effectivetools they are to improve social behavior. دانشکده تربیت بدنی دانشگاه تهران 2008-9341 6 v. 4 no. 2015 627 642 https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_53115_1b29d4ad8c4eebfa1cc4e86b00131c86.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2015.53115 mohsen araghi M.Sc. in Sport Management and Planning, Imam Hussein University, Tehran, Iran author mohamad kashef Associate Professor of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran author text article 2015 per The aim of this research was to survey the challenges facing thedevelopment of sport for all as well as to analyze suitable strategies in orderto develop physical activities for different members of the society. Thestatistical population consisted of the participants in stations of sport for allin Iran in 2012 (21% of the population of the country). 2000 participantswho were selected as the sample using Morgan table and cluster randomsampling method in 15 provinces filled out the research questionnaires. Thequestionnaire was researcher-made and its reliability was calculated throughCronbach alpha (α=0.81). The results showed a significant relationshipbetween aims and motivations of the participants and the level of theireducation and they emphasized that sport had a tremendous effect on theirphysical and mental health. There was a significant relationship between theparticipants’ physical activity effects and their aims and motivations withregard to their ages. Lack of sport facilities, lack of sport awareness,shortage of skilled coaches and financial problems were respectively themost important problems facing the development of sport for all that theparticipants complained about. Providing suitable sport facilities and fieldswhich can be easily used by fans of sport for all and also presentingadvertising programs in order to improve general awareness of sport andtraining and appointing sport coaches and experts in order to advise peoplein sport for all stations are the important strategies which should beconsidered by sport for all planners. دانشکده تربیت بدنی دانشگاه تهران 2008-9341 6 v. 4 no. 2015 643 655 https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_53117_25561fc0464dec6a679cc051180ab0d5.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2015.53117 Adel Rahman por M.Sc. Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran author mohsen ghofrani Assistant Professor, Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Educational Sciences and Psychology Faculty, Sistan and Baluchestan University, Zahedan, Iran author text article 2015 per The aim of the present study was to compare the power resource ofcoaches and athletes' team cohesion from the viewpoints of male and femalecoaches and athletes in South Khorasan province. The method of this studywas descriptive which was conducted as a field study. The statisticalpopulation consisted of all coaches (N=120) and athletes (N=800) in fourteam sports. Based on Morgan table, 92 coaches and 260 athletes wereselected as the sample by simple random sampling method. The data werecollected by two questionnaires: Power in Sport Questionnaire (PSQ) andGroup Environment Questionnaire (GEQ). Validity of the questionnaireswas confirmed by professors of sport management and their reliability wasdetermined using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient as 0.78-0.79 and 0.81respectively. Considering the results of Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, nonparametricmethods of U-Mann Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test were used(P≤0.05). Results showed that from the viewpoints of both groups, expertpower was the first priority and coercing power was the last priority inpower resources of the coaches. Priorities of team cohesion of athletes (menand women) were attraction to group-task, group integration-task, attractionto group-social and group integration-social respectively. There was asignificant difference between the viewpoints of male and female coaches inreward power, coercing power and legal power while there was nosignificant difference between males and females' viewpoints in expertpower and referent power. It is recommended that coaches should use moreexpert power to achieve higher team cohesion as this is the expert powerwhich is used by coaches and approved by athletes more than other powerresources. دانشکده تربیت بدنی دانشگاه تهران 2008-9341 6 v. 4 no. 2015 657 670 https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_53118_a2c09488f1e8c94ca21c748b37626e87.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2015.53118 Hussein Sadeghi Assistant Professor of Economic Sciences, Economic Development Department, Faculty of, Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran author habib honari Associate Professor of Sport Management, Sport Management Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allame Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran author zeinab mondalizade PhD Candidate Sport Management, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran author text article 2015 per The aim of this study was to survey behavioral factors affecting sportentrepreneurship development and to provide a model. This study was ofcorrelation nature and interviews and a questionnaire were used to collectdata and viewpoints of sport experts. The statistical population consisted ofsport club managers, top managers of Sport Organization, doctorate studentsand sport management and entrepreneurship management professors. Inquantity sector, the entrepreneurship questionnaire included 15 items in twosubsections including behavioral factors and entrepreneurship development.Face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10professors (construct validity was confirmed as well). The reliability of thequestionnaire was achieved by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α=0.916). Fordata analysis, regression, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis wereused and structure equation modeling was employed to develop a model.SPSS and Amos software was also used. The results showed that with regardto regression analysis, there was a significant relationship betweenbehavioral factors and sport entrepreneurship development and factors suchas motives and entrepreneurship attitudes influenced entrepreneurshipdevelopment. In addition, modeling indices were suitable (P=0.80,GFI=0.94, AGFA=0.90, RMSEA=0.000). It can be concluded thatimprovement and development of behavioral factors play an important rolein sport entrepreneurship development in Iran. Therefore, it seems thatmotives and attitudes of the citizens are considered as one of those factorswhich improves and develops sport entrepreneurship and consequentlybehavioral indices can help recognize those who perceive entrepreneurialopportunities better. دانشکده تربیت بدنی دانشگاه تهران 2008-9341 6 v. 4 no. 2015 671 681 https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_53121_d2e44f32265cf5cd176eb2a1e45fe7e8.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2015.53121 amir ghanbar pour nosrati Assistant Professor of Sport Management, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran author mohammad Khabiri Associate Professor of, Sport Management, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran author hosein poorsoltani zarandi Assistant Professor of Sport Management, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Payam Noor University, Alborz, Iran author najaf aghaii Assistant Professor, Sport Management, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran author text article 2015 per The aim of this study was to investigate the role of job satisfaction in therelationship between organizational justices and turnover intention in expertsof sport federations. In this regard, Wood job satisfaction (1986), Kim andLung (2007) organizational justice, and Cummann (1979) turnover intentionquestionnaires were used. The statistical population consisted of experts ofsport federations and 210 experts were selected as the sample. Constructvalidity of the questionnaires were confirmed by confirmatory factoranalysis and LISREL8.8. The reliability of the questionnaires wasdetermined as 0.84, 0.87 and 0.86 respectively. For data analysis, StructuralEquation Modeling and Visual PLS Software were used. Findings showedthat the effect of organizational justice on job satisfaction was significant(β= 0.775, t=21.189) and on turnover intention was not significant (β= -0.016, t= -0.211). Also, findings showed that the effect of job satisfaction onturnover intention was negative and significant (β= -0.520, t= -4.75). Otherfinding was that indirect effect of organizational justice (β= -0.403) onturnover intention was greater than its direct effect (β= -0.016) (-1.96≤ tvalue ≤+1.96). It is suggested that sports federations should promoteorganizational justice and job satisfaction in their employees in order toreduce their turnover intention. دانشکده تربیت بدنی دانشگاه تهران 2008-9341 6 v. 4 no. 2015 683 696 https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_53123_46097ece1de610a922a332bb88a2d821.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2015.53123 M Moharamzadeh Associate Professor of Sport Management, Physical Education Faculty, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran author mohsen vahdani PhD Student of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran author Jafar Ghahremani Assistant Professor of Educational Management, Islamic Azad University of Marand, Marand, Iran author hasan mir ameri Associate Professor of Sport Management, Physical Education Faculty, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran author text article 2015 per The aim of this research was to explain the relationship betweenpersonality big five factors and job burnout in employees of Ministry ofSport and Youth of Iran. 162 employees completed the Maslach BurnoutInventory (MBI) and Big Five Inventory (BFI). MBI with 22 items assessedthree dimensions of job burnout and BFI with 44 items assessed the fivedimensions of personality. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was utilized toexamine the internal reliability of MBI (r=0.80) and BFI (r=0.82). Data wereanalyzed with parametric tests (Pearson correlation, ANOVA, multipleregression and so on) at P≥0.05. The findings indicated that those who hadhigher neuroticism and lower extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousnessand openness to experiences were more prone to experience job burnout. So,if organizations use personality assessment as a part of their employmentsystem, they can identify those who are likely to experience burnout in thefuture and have more precise organization and planning so that they canguarantee employees' commitment to their future job situations. دانشکده تربیت بدنی دانشگاه تهران 2008-9341 6 v. 4 no. 2015 697 711 https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_53124_754f98f30088d35081c72314b316fce7.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2015.53124 Shamin Moradidasht M.Sc. of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran author Mahvash Nourbakhsh Associate Professor of Sport Management, Sport Management Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran author Hossein Sepasi Professor of Sport Management, Sport Management Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran author text article 2015 per The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship betweenemotional intelligence and communication skills with burnout in Iranianinternational table tennis coaches. The statistical sample included thosecoaches holding degrees in international table tennis coaching in Iran(n=150). The data were collected using three questionnaires named SybryaShrink Emotional Intelligence (1986), Barton J. Communication Skills(1990) and Maslach Burnout (1996). The results showed a significantnegative relationship between emotional intelligence and the prevalence ofburnout in male and female coaches. A significant negative correlation wasobserved between communication skills and the intensity of burnout infemale coaches. Between emotional intelligence and communication skills,the best predictor for burnout was emotional intelligence. So, it is suggestedthat special training coaching courses should be held to promotecommunication skills level and emotional intelligence in the coaches so thatthey can be less exposed to burnout. دانشکده تربیت بدنی دانشگاه تهران 2008-9341 6 v. 4 no. 2015 713 727 https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_53126_8f729c32d285c6ba183689cc1b1c3ae5.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2015.53126 text article 2015 per دانشکده تربیت بدنی دانشگاه تهران 2008-9341 6 v. 4 no. 2015 1 10 https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/article_53309_8dad6811087ad460a2a330b141732e0a.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2015.53309